Module 1 Flashcards
Bellmont Report
Identified three ethical principles about ethics and research
Beneficence - Do no harm
Respect for human dignity and autonomy - volunteer or not without coercion and have complete information about the study.
Justice - fair treatment = who gets a placebo and who doesn’t. One group not getting all benefits or risk
Ways to adhere to ethical principles
Risk VS benefit assessment
Informed consent = process throughout study not just one document
Confidentiality practices = when there is a way to determine who data comes from not violating confidentiality (study ID #, locked files, data destroyed after study)
External review = IRB (Institutional Review Board)
Vulnerable Groups = may be incapable of giving informed consent or higher risk for unintended side effects
Examples of vulnerable groups
Minors may not be able to understand risk and benefit
Someone who is coding can’t give informed consent about a researched medication
Pregnant women and risk to baby
How is evidence based practice different than QI and research
QI = improving process within a particular setting NO IRB requirement
Research = generates new knowledge.
EBP = apply existing knowledge to clinical inquiry. Problem-solving approach. decision made with your own clinical expertise
EBP what should you take into consideration
Best evidence
clinical expertise
patient values and preferences
clinical setting
2 Broad categories of evidence =
Systematic reviews = lots of studies on a topic, synthesized, and appraised
Meta-analysis = analyses quantitative data from multiple sources and does statistical analysis
meta-synthesis = qualitative data
Clinical Practice Guidelines - Recommendation for practice from research that has been done
Agree Collaboration
Systematic Review appraisal system
Steps of EBP
Ask a clinically meaningful question
collect the evidence
critically appraise the evidence
synthesize the evidence
integrate evidence with clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, and clinical setting
Make a decision and implement
Evaluate outcomes
Quality of Research Pyramid
PICOT
P - patient population
I - Intervention, issue of interest
C - Comparison
O - Outcome
t - time
Types of PICO questions
Therapy/Treatment/Intervention
Diagnosis/Assessment
Prognosis
Etiology/Harm
Description (prevalence/incidence)
Meaning/Process
Research Levels of Evidence
Most common databases for us to use
CINAHL
PubMed
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Literature Search Steps
-PICO
-Select database
-Select limits
-Conduct the search and keep track of your results (can be reproduced)
-Apply a systematic way to review your hits and select articles to include
Independent Variable is
Predictor variables
Dependent variable is
Outcome - what is outcome
Conceptual vs Operational Definition Variables
conceptual - theoretical or abstract definition
operational - how is it being measured in the study
nurse satisfaction
conceptual = like their job
operational = turnover rate
quantitative vs qualitative
quantitative can be measured
qualitative = description, explanation, exploration of experience
Types of Quantitative Research
experimental - control vs intervention group
quasi-experimental = not randomly put into groups
nonexperimental = not manipulating anything or randomizing
