Module 1 Flashcards
what are stereoisomers?
molecules that are mirrored images (hands)
what is molecular confirmation?
flexible arrangements
doesn’t break covalent bonds
what is molecular configuration?
fixed arrangements
breaks covalent bonds
3 advantages of biomolecules as polymers?
- simplicity
- recycling
- diversity
2 advantages of carbon
- extremely versatile
- complex molecules can be formed
What are geometric isomers?
have same chemical formula but diff configuration
cis= same
trans=opposite
what are chiral carbons?
have 4 different molecules attached (H, R NH3, COO)
3 characteristics of Chiral Carbons
- can yield 2 stereoisomers
- have same chemical properties, diff biological
- double bonds can’t be chiral carbons
what amino acid is the only one that isn’t a chiral carbon?
Glycine
what are proteins?
linear polymers of amino acids that differ by their side chains
2 functions of higher order polysacchrides?
- structure
- energy storage
what are lipids?
aggregates building blocks together by non-covalent forces
3 functions of lipids?
- energy storage
- signalling
- formation
what doe less bondage of lipids mean?
more variety in structures
what are nucleic acids?
linear polymers of nucleotide building blocks
what are the 5 nucleic acids?
- cytosine
- uracil
- thymine
- adenine
- guanine
nucleic acid function (2)
- storage & utilization of genetic info
In vitro
in glass, studies molecules outside body
in vivo
in the living, within the cell
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
total entropy (disorder) is always increasing
non-spontaneous
needs input of free energy
spontaneous
releases free energy to do work until equilibrium is reached
what do energy coupling links do?
can drive unfavourable reactions by coupling energy
what does endergonic mean?
energy requiring
what does exergonic mean?
energy releasing
what is the role of ATP?
linkage between anabolic and catabolic reactions
catabolic reactions
energy producing, breaking things down=creates ATP
Anabolic reactions
energy releasing, building things up= drives ATP
How is genetic information stored
in stable form
DNA function(2)
- provides instructions to form cellular tasks
- template for identical DNA molecules to be distrubuted
Central Dogma of Biochemistry
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
How are DNA protein structures dictated?
by nucleoside sequence
DNA structures
2 complementary strands
1 strand= linear polymers of 4 diff types of building blocks
linear sequence encodes info
what does a change in genotype equal?
a change in phenotype
phenotype
observable traits
genotype
genetic info
what does a spontaneous reaction use?
negative gibbs free energy
What is transcription?
making RNA from DNA
what is translation?
making proteins from RNA
what isomer are proteins made from?
L
geometric isomers emerge as a consequence of…
double bonds
Which category of biomolecules includes both linear and branched polymers?
carbohydrates
