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ULTRASOUND > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Successive oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy that travels through a medium or vacuum

A

Waves

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2
Q

A mechanical wave that needs a medium in order to be transmitted

A

Soundwaves

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3
Q

Reduction in pressure
Low density

A

Rarefraction

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4
Q

Increase in pressure
High density

A

Compression

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5
Q

2 types of propagation

A

Rarefraction
Compression

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6
Q

Transmittal to distant regions
One to another molecules in motion

A

Propagation

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7
Q

2 types of waves

A

Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave

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8
Q

Needs a medium to be transmitted

A

Mechanical Wave

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9
Q

same direction
parallel with each other

A

Longitudinal Wave

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10
Q

works on both medium/ vacuum

A

Electromagnetic Wave

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11
Q

Perpendicular to the direction

A

Transverse Wave

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12
Q

mechanical energy that propagates through a medium by compression and rarefraction

A

Sound

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13
Q

Reflection of the incident energy pulse

A

Echoes

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14
Q

Medium of Sound

A

solid> liquid> gas

solid bcs it is compacted

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15
Q

Enumerate Acoustic Variables

A

Pressure
Density
Temperature
Distance

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16
Q

Normal audible sound
Human hearing range

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

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17
Q

below 20 Hz

A

Infrasound

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18
Q

above 20,000 Hz (20kHz)
faster than our ability to hear

A

Ultrasound

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19
Q

Therapeutic Ultrasound

A

15 to 20 MHz

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20
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

A

3 to 10 MHz

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21
Q

Construct “acoustic map” of tissues
Acquire and record echoes arising from the tissue interfaces

A

Pulse Echo Technique

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22
Q

1790

A

Bats
Naturally produces ultrasound

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23
Q

Polarization substances when pressed & basic fundamental principle of UTZ

A

Piezoelectric Effect

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24
Q

Piezen means

A

to press

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25
Q

Heart of UTZ

A

Transducer

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26
Q

1st piezoelectric material used in transducer

A

Quartz

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27
Q

SONAR

A

Sound Navigation & Ranging
Used in WW1, to know if there are enemies

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28
Q

1980s

A

1st UTZ machine
as big as iron

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29
Q

Biologic Effects

A

Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effects

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30
Q

Tissue absorb ultrasound energy and convert it to heat

A

Thermal Effects

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31
Q

Thermal effect is dependent on the rate of these..

A

Heat deposition
Heat dissipation

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32
Q

movement of particles in the medium
define torque on tissue structures

A

Radiation pressure

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33
Q

known as pulser
provide electrical voltage for exciting the piezoelectric elements

A

Transmitter

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34
Q

produces and detexts ultrasound
converts electric energy to mechanical sonic energy and vice versa

A

Transducer/ Probe

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35
Q

Most expensive part of UTS unit

A

Transducer

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36
Q

Major components of Transducer

A

Acoustic Lens
Backing Material/ Damping Material
Electrical Connectors
Matching Layer
Physical Housing
Piezoelectric Elements

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37
Q

provides structural support
acts as an electrical and acoustic insulator

A

Physical Housing

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38
Q

made of thin film of gold or silver
formed in front and back of the crystal

A

Electrical Connectors

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39
Q
  • reduces vibration (ring down time)
  • control length of vibration from the front phase
  • dampens vibration to create and ultrasound pulse with short spatial pulse length to preserve axial resolution
A

Backing Material/ Damping Material

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40
Q

range of frequencies

A

Bandwidth

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41
Q

reduce beam width of transducer
improves lateral/axial resolution
aluminum, perspex, polystyrene

A

Acoustic Lens

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42
Q
  • interface between transducer and tissue/ patient
  • minimizes the acoustic impedance differences between the transducer and patient
  • improve transmission into the body
A

Matching Layer

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43
Q
  • used to eliminate air pockets that could attenuate and reflect the ultrasound beam
  • hypoallergenic
A

Acoustic Coupling Gel

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44
Q

How piezoelectric material act..

A

Electricity (AC) is applied to the piezoelectric material which vibrates (thru expansion & contraction) to produce mechanical sound or pressure waves

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45
Q
  • converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by expansion & contraction of the crystal structure
  • converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by applying mechanical pressure to its surface
A

Piezoelectric Material

46
Q

Wide/ Broad Bandwidth

A

shorter SPL
reduce speckle
improved resolution

47
Q

Narrow Bandwidth

A

longer SPL
narrow frequency

48
Q

Piezoelectric Elements Composition

A

Synthetic & Natural

49
Q

synthetic:

A

PZT (Lead Zirconate Titranate)
Barium Titanate
Lead Metaniobate

50
Q

natural:

A

Quartz
Tourmaline
Rochelle Salt (Sodium Potassium Tartrate Tetrahydrate)

51
Q

black mineral/ prism crystals in granites and rocks

A

Tourmaline

52
Q

used as laxative, process od silvering mirror

A

Rochelle Salt

53
Q

best sterilization material

A

ethyline oxide

54
Q

used in ceramic capacitors

A

PZT

55
Q

for microphones and transducer

A

Barium Titanate

56
Q

ceramics

A

Lead Metaniobate

57
Q

Thicker piezoelectric element

A

low frequency oscillation

58
Q

Thinner piezoelectric element

A

high frequency oscillation

59
Q

element will lose its effect at what temperature

A

300°c

60
Q

rectangular FOV
parallel scan lines
256 to 512 elements
freq: above 4 MHz
for vascular small parts & musculoskeletal

A

Linear Array (sequential)

61
Q

freq: 3.5 MHz
wide FOV (trapezoidal FOV)
useful in abdominal and obstetrics scanning

A

Curvilinear Array (sector)

62
Q

small ‘sector’ FOV
useful in cardiac and cranial ultrasound

A

Phased Array

63
Q

adjacent to the transducer face
region used for ultrasound imaging

A

Fresnel Zone or Near Field

64
Q

diverging beam profile
UTS imaging does not extend into this area

A

Fraunhofer Zone or Far Field

65
Q

region which beam is focused

A

Focus Zone or Focal

66
Q

resolution in space

A

Spatial reso

67
Q

resolution of gray shades

A

contrast reso

68
Q

resolution in time

A

temporal resolution

69
Q

narrow beam width

A

better spatial resolution

70
Q

SPATIAL
High Frequency:

A

better resolution
lower penetrability
higher absorption

71
Q

SPATIAL
Low Frequency:

A

poor resolution
higher penetrability
lower absorption

72
Q

Components of Spatial Resolution

A

Axial/ Longitudinal resolution
Lateral/ Azimuthal resolution
Elevation/ Azimuth resolution

73
Q

longitudinal, linear, depth or range
determined by: pulse length
short SPL

A

Axial resolution

74
Q

transverse, angular, horizontal
determined by: width of UTS beam, depth of object, mechanical and electronic focusing

A

Lateral resolution

75
Q

determined by slice thickness, dimension of the transducer aperture

A

Elevation resolution

76
Q

higher frame rate

A

better temporal resolution

77
Q

Operational Modes

A

Static Imaging
Real time Imaging
Doppler Modes

78
Q

can be seen in distances between tissue bleeps
reliable in axial resolution

A

A (Amplitude) Mode

79
Q

shows all tissue traverse by the UTS scan
showm in a series of dots in CRT monitor

A

B (Brightness) Mode

80
Q

display motion
cardiac valves and chamber walls

A

M (Motion) Mode/ Ultrasonic Cardiography/ Time Motion Mode

81
Q

DOPPLER EFFECT
Reflected or transmitted frequency is the same amd equal
= 0

A

Stationary target

82
Q

DOPPLER EFFECT
Differences on reflected and transmitted frequency is lesser than 0

A

Target motion away from transducer

83
Q

DOPPLER MODE
Use color map to display information based on the detection of frequency shifts from moving targets
determine vessel if artery or vein

A

Color Flow Doppler Imaging (CD)

84
Q

BART

A

Blue - Away
Red - Towards

85
Q

DOPPLER MODE
Uses color map to show distribution of the power/amplitude of the Doppler signal

A

Power Mode Doppler (PD)

86
Q

Other Modes:

A

Tissue Harmonic Imaging
Spatial Compounding
3D Ultrasound

87
Q

reduces the effect of phase abberations
reduces noise and clutter in image
improves spatial resolution

A

Tissue Harmonic Imaging

88
Q

combines images obtained by isonating the target from multiple angles
reduces speckle noise
improves contrast

A

Spatial Confounding

89
Q

Ultrasound Factoring

A

Gain
Time Gain Compensation TGC
Mode Display
Depth
Resolution Expansion Selection

90
Q

controls the inward incline of the TGC
used to display an even texture throughout the organ or structure under study

A

Slope

91
Q

control used to delay the start of the slope

A

delay

92
Q

intensity of returning echoes is amplified to produce a clearer image

A

Gain

93
Q

too deep:
superficial/ too shallow:

A

minify image
magnify image

94
Q

zoom box
magnifies part of the image
displaying or measuring small structures (CBD)

A

Resolution Expansion Selection

95
Q

Image Display

A

Digital Flat Panel Display
Analog Monitor Display

96
Q

Image Recoding & Storage

A

Flash Drive
PACS
Photographic Paper
Thermal Paper
VCD
Video Tape Recorder

97
Q

1st image recorder
1990s
simple emulsion film

A

photographic paper

98
Q

thermal paper

A

type 1: cheapest, image disappears in a month
type 5: expensive, better, glossy

99
Q

errors in image
does not directly correlate with the actual tissue being scanned
can enhance or degrade the diagnostic value of the ultrasound image

A

Artifact

100
Q

Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue

A

Absorption
Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Scaterring

101
Q

propagation velocity

A

air: 330
lung: 600
fat: 1450
water: 1480
soft tissue: 1540
kidney: 1565
liver: 1555
muscle: 1600
bone: 4080

102
Q

wave interference patterns

A

Constructive - 2 waves same freq results in a higher amplitude output wave
Destructive - waves out of phase result in a lower amplitude output wave
Complex - waves of different frequencies interacting

103
Q

time from the beginning until the end
period x no. of cycles in the pulse

A

pulse duration

104
Q

physical length of the pulse
wavelength x no. of cycles in the pulse

A

spatial pulse length SPL

105
Q

time from the onset of a pulse to the start of the next pulse
pulse duration + listening time

A

pulse repetition period PRP

106
Q

percentage of the time that the transducer is emttinf soundwaves

A

duty factor DF

107
Q

first to use sonography for medical
diagnoses
brain tumor

A

Karl Dussik 1942

108
Q

developed an ophthalmic scanner

A

Baun
mid 1950s

109
Q

1st successful echocardiogram

A

Inge Edler
C. Hellmuth Hertz

110
Q

uts in water bath
1MHz

A

Lym
Putnam

ULTRASOUND (2 decks)

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