Module 1 Flashcards
How is language organised
Sentences contain phrases made up of words. Words are made of morphemes which are made from phenomes.
What is a phoneme
A single unit of sound humans make for speech.
What is a morpheme
Smallest language units that carry meaning (combination of 1 or more phonemes).
What is a bound morpheme
Prefixes and suffixes - eg Un has no meaning unless bound to other morphemes
What is an unbound morpheme
Words that dont require other morphemes for meaning
What is a content word
Convey meanings and key concepts of sentences - relies on semantic processing
What is Brocas aphasia
Doesnt use function words so poor sentence structure and syntax. No issue in understanding.
What is Wernickes aphasia
Fluent speech but no content words. Good syntax and lots of function words but sentences have no meaning.
What syntax word order does english use
SVO - subject, verb, object
What is a proposition
A statement that expresses an idea - eg the zebra that bit the giraffe
What is surface structure
The syntax or organisation of words
what is deep structure
the semantics or deep meaning of a sentence
What is an ambiguous sentence
a sentence with 1 surface structure but 2 different deep structures - eg I saw the zebra flying over africa. A sentence can have one deep structure but 2 surface structures - 2 ways to say same thing
What is overextension of meaning
only calling the familt car “car” but not other cars
What is underextension of meaing
Naming moon for moon, and an orange and lights etc etc
What is a holophrase
a single word that stands for an entire statement
What is the language bioprogram hypothesis
that children are predisposed to learn the syntax of language
What is pidgin language
a language invented as a result of multiple languages coming together
What is creole language
when pidgin language is acquired as a native language. More gramatically complex than pidgin.
Values of independent culture
internal attributes matter most - self identity more important that social identity - child centered talk
Values of interdependent cultures
social role matter most - self identity is governed by social identities - group goals take priority
What is representatoin
how we think about the objexts and knowledge of our world in our internal thoughts
What is analogical representation
mental image of an object eg thinking about the image of a cat
what is symbolic representation
propositional thoughts eg internal statements - thinking that looks like a cute cat
What is reasoning
intelligent thought that helps us to make decisions and problem solve
What is deductive reasoning
starting with a general principle and work down to see what are the implications. Conclusions follow from known premises. eg syllogisms - if/then problems
What is inductive reasoning
when you start from specific principles to infer a general principle - assume the trend continues - eg you notice the sun rose yesterday and today - make theory it rises everyday
What is belief bias
reasoning based on plausibility rather than logic
What is a confirmation bias
when we seek info that confirms what we already believe
What is mental set
habits and assumptions when problem solving - Shown by luchins water jar problem
what is functional fixedness
seeing object as only what they are made to do
What are perspectives on the thought and language interrelation
1- Language is independent of cognition. The mainstream view in cognitive science is shown as babies have thoughts before language is understood.
2- Language influences cognition. Influences how we think and our thoughts are generated in language form.
What are the weak and strong versions of the whorfian hypothesis
Weak - having a specific language influences how we think
Strong - having a specific language determines how we think
What evidence is for the whorfian hypothesis
The russian blues experiment- the more colour terms in a language then could percieve the differences between colour shades
What evidence is against the whorfian hypothesis
Eleanor Rosch studied Dani tribe who only used 2 colour terms but they could still perceive the same
Sir Francis Galton theory
Intelligence is hereditary. Ran experiment and building blocls of intelligence were simple sensory motor abilities. No relation to class of status.
Alfred Binet theory
Father of modern IQ testing. Thought intelligence was psychological not physical. Developed stanford binet test which measured general ability. Excluded tasks that didnt correlate with school performance.
What is the flynn effect
iq scores seem to increase in each generation over time
What is spearmans two factor theory of intelligence
the general factor is a general mental capacity that underlies intellignece tasks overall
The specific factor is the mental ability for the specific type of task
What is fluid intelligence
An ability to learn and deal with new problems. Stops increasing and declines after adolescence
What is crystallised intelligence
knowledge that we have learnt and aquired. Increases with age
What are the 3 components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
Analysis intelligence - whats typically measured on iq test
Creative intelligence - tested with ill defined problems requiring you to adapt and solve complex problems
Practical intelligence
-street smarts
What was gardners theory of intelligence
he believed that there were many types of intelligence.
