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PSYC112 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is language organised

A

Sentences contain phrases made up of words. Words are made of morphemes which are made from phenomes.

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2
Q

What is a phoneme

A

A single unit of sound humans make for speech.

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3
Q

What is a morpheme

A

Smallest language units that carry meaning (combination of 1 or more phonemes).

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4
Q

What is a bound morpheme

A

Prefixes and suffixes - eg Un has no meaning unless bound to other morphemes

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5
Q

What is an unbound morpheme

A

Words that dont require other morphemes for meaning

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6
Q

What is a content word

A

Convey meanings and key concepts of sentences - relies on semantic processing

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7
Q

What is Brocas aphasia

A

Doesnt use function words so poor sentence structure and syntax. No issue in understanding.

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8
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia

A

Fluent speech but no content words. Good syntax and lots of function words but sentences have no meaning.

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9
Q

What syntax word order does english use

A

SVO - subject, verb, object

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10
Q

What is a proposition

A

A statement that expresses an idea - eg the zebra that bit the giraffe

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11
Q

What is surface structure

A

The syntax or organisation of words

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12
Q

what is deep structure

A

the semantics or deep meaning of a sentence

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13
Q

What is an ambiguous sentence

A

a sentence with 1 surface structure but 2 different deep structures - eg I saw the zebra flying over africa. A sentence can have one deep structure but 2 surface structures - 2 ways to say same thing

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14
Q

What is overextension of meaning

A

only calling the familt car “car” but not other cars

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15
Q

What is underextension of meaing

A

Naming moon for moon, and an orange and lights etc etc

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16
Q

What is a holophrase

A

a single word that stands for an entire statement

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17
Q

What is the language bioprogram hypothesis

A

that children are predisposed to learn the syntax of language

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18
Q

What is pidgin language

A

a language invented as a result of multiple languages coming together

19
Q

What is creole language

A

when pidgin language is acquired as a native language. More gramatically complex than pidgin.

20
Q

Values of independent culture

A

internal attributes matter most - self identity more important that social identity - child centered talk

21
Q

Values of interdependent cultures

A

social role matter most - self identity is governed by social identities - group goals take priority

22
Q

What is representatoin

A

how we think about the objexts and knowledge of our world in our internal thoughts

23
Q

What is analogical representation

A

mental image of an object eg thinking about the image of a cat

24
Q

what is symbolic representation

A

propositional thoughts eg internal statements - thinking that looks like a cute cat

25
Q

What is reasoning

A

intelligent thought that helps us to make decisions and problem solve

26
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

starting with a general principle and work down to see what are the implications. Conclusions follow from known premises. eg syllogisms - if/then problems

27
Q

What is inductive reasoning

A

when you start from specific principles to infer a general principle - assume the trend continues - eg you notice the sun rose yesterday and today - make theory it rises everyday

28
Q

What is belief bias

A

reasoning based on plausibility rather than logic

29
Q

What is a confirmation bias

A

when we seek info that confirms what we already believe

30
Q

What is mental set

A

habits and assumptions when problem solving - Shown by luchins water jar problem

31
Q

what is functional fixedness

A

seeing object as only what they are made to do

32
Q

What are perspectives on the thought and language interrelation

A

1- Language is independent of cognition. The mainstream view in cognitive science is shown as babies have thoughts before language is understood.

2- Language influences cognition. Influences how we think and our thoughts are generated in language form.

33
Q

What are the weak and strong versions of the whorfian hypothesis

A

Weak - having a specific language influences how we think

Strong - having a specific language determines how we think

34
Q

What evidence is for the whorfian hypothesis

A

The russian blues experiment- the more colour terms in a language then could percieve the differences between colour shades

35
Q

What evidence is against the whorfian hypothesis

A

Eleanor Rosch studied Dani tribe who only used 2 colour terms but they could still perceive the same

36
Q

Sir Francis Galton theory

A

Intelligence is hereditary. Ran experiment and building blocls of intelligence were simple sensory motor abilities. No relation to class of status.

37
Q

Alfred Binet theory

A

Father of modern IQ testing. Thought intelligence was psychological not physical. Developed stanford binet test which measured general ability. Excluded tasks that didnt correlate with school performance.

38
Q

What is the flynn effect

A

iq scores seem to increase in each generation over time

39
Q

What is spearmans two factor theory of intelligence

A

the general factor is a general mental capacity that underlies intellignece tasks overall

The specific factor is the mental ability for the specific type of task

40
Q

What is fluid intelligence

A

An ability to learn and deal with new problems. Stops increasing and declines after adolescence

41
Q

What is crystallised intelligence

A

knowledge that we have learnt and aquired. Increases with age

42
Q

What are the 3 components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Analysis intelligence - whats typically measured on iq test

Creative intelligence - tested with ill defined problems requiring you to adapt and solve complex problems

Practical intelligence
-street smarts

43
Q

What was gardners theory of intelligence

A

he believed that there were many types of intelligence.

PSYC112 (2 decks)

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