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A-level Biology > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ATP

A

a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and 3 phosphate groups

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2
Q

amino acid definition

A

the monomers containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group(COOH) and variable R group that makes up proteins

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3
Q

benedicts test

A

a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produce a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present

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4
Q

biuret test

A

a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein

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5
Q

what are biological molecules

A

molecules made and used by living organisms e.g carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,DNA,ATP

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6
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A

energy source ( glucose in respiration)
energy store( starch in plants,glycogen in animals)
structure ( cellulose in cell wall of plants)

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7
Q

what are the building blocks for carbohydrates called

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose (alpha and beta) galactose , fructose

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9
Q

formula of monosaccharides

A

C6H12O6

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10
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

on carbon 1, alpha glucose has an OH group on the bottom and beta glucose has OH group on the top

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11
Q

how are monosaccharides joined together

A

condensation reaction between 2 OH groups
water is removed

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12
Q

bond in carbohydrate

A

glycosidic bond ( 1,4)

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13
Q

examples of disaccharides ( the equations)

A

glucose+ glucose= maltose
glucose+ galactose= lactose
glucose+ fructose= sucrose

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14
Q

formula for disaccharides

A

C12H22O11

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15
Q

how are polymers separated

A

hydrolysis
add water

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16
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction/glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch(alpha glucose) which is an energy store in plants
glycogen(alpha glucose) which is an energy store in animals
cellulose(beta glucose) which makes cell wall in plants

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18
Q

structure of starch

A

made from amylose and amylopectin

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19
Q

what is amylose

A

long straight chain of alpha-glucose which is coiled

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20
Q

what is amylopectin

A

straight chain of alpha-glucose which side branches ( 1,6 glycosidic bonds)

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21
Q

structure of glycogen

A

straight chain of alpha-glucose( ,4 glycosidic bond) with side branches (1,6 gb)

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22
Q

properties of starch and glycogen as energy stores

A

insoluble= do not affect water potential of the cell, do not diffuse out of the cell
coiled/branched= compact, more can fit into a cell
branched/chained= glucose removed from the end easily

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23
Q

structure of cellulose

A

beta glucose arranged in a straight chain
many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
many microfibrils are cross linked to form macrofibrils
forms structure of cell wall
strong material ( to prevent plant cell from bursting or shrinking

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24
Q

test for starch

A

add iodine, turns blue/black

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25
Q

test for non-reducing sugar

A

heat with benedicts- no change
therfore add dilute HCL ( hydrolyses glycosidic bond)
then add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise
heat with benedicts again - turns brick red

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26
Q

what are 2 types of proteins

A

globular and fibrous

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27
Q

what are globular proteins

A

soluble proteins with a specific 3D shape
eg enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin

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28
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

strong , insoluble ,inflexible material
eg collagen and keratin

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29
Q

what are the building blocks for proteins

A

amino acids

30
Q

structure of amino acid

A

central carbon, carboxyl group to right, amine group to left, hydrogen above and r group below

31
Q

how do amino acids differ

A

they have different R groups

32
Q

how are amino acids joined together

A

by condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one and amine group of another, leaves a bond between carbon and nitrogen called a peptide bond forming a dipeptide

33
Q

define primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds

34
Q

define secondary structure of a protein

A

the primary structure coils to form either a alpha helix or beta pleated sheets held together by hydrogen bonds

35
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

secondary structure folds again to form final 3D shape, held together by hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds

36
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

made of more than one polypeptide chain

37
Q

examples of quaternary protein structure

A

collagen , antibodies and haemoglobin

38
Q

structure of collagen

A

strong material, used to build tendons/ligaments/connective tissues
primary structure mainly made of glycine
secondary structure forms a tight coil (not much branching due to glycine)
tertiary structure( coils again)
quaternary structure made from 3 tertiary wrapped around each other

39
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst, a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up by lowering the activation energy and offering an alternate pathway

40
Q

what makes enzymes specific

A

has specific active site shape, only complimentary substrates can bind to form enzyme-substrate complexes

41
Q

lock and key model vs induced fit model

A

LK= active site shape is rigid and only exactly complimentary substrates can bind to form ES substrates
IF= active site changes shape slightly, the substrate binds to the active site- the AS changes shape so the substrate fits exactly forming ES complexes

42
Q

affect of substrate conc on enzyme activity

A

increase substrate conc increases the chance of successful collisions which increases the chance of forming an ES complex which increases the rate of reaction
this continues untill all the enzymes active sites are full/saturated = the maximum rate of reaction

43
Q

affect of enzyme conc on enzyme activity

A

increases chance of successful collisions increases chance of ES complexes forming so an increase in rate of reaction
continues until all substrates are used up= maximum rate of reaction

44
Q

affects of temperature on enzyme activity

A

as temp increases kinetic energy also increases meaning the molecules move faster , more successful collisions, more ES complexes , increasing rate of reaction
carries on until optimum, then bonds in tertiary structure breaks ( hydrogen and ionic) so active site looses shape , substrates no longer complementary so ES complexes arnt made
enzymes denatured

45
Q

affects of PH on enzyme activity

A

if change in PH away from optimum bonds in the tertiary structure break so active site looses shape = no ES complex
enzyme denatured

46
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

a substance with a similar shape to the substrate and a complementary shape to the enzymes active site, binds to the active site, blocking it, prevents ES complexes from forming

47
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A

a substance that binds to another site on the enzyme other then the active site, causes the active site to change shape, so less ES complexes can form

48
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids

A

triglycerides ( fat for energy store,insulation, protection of organs)
phospholipids ( to make membranes)
cholesterol ( for membrane stability and make hormones)

49
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
joined by condensation reaction, ester bonds
bond is COOC
there are 2 types of triglycerides: saturated fat and unsaturated fat

50
Q

saturated

A

has no carbon double bonds in the r group

51
Q

unsaturated

A

has carbon double bonds in the r group

52
Q

structure of phospholipid

A

made of 1 glycerol , 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate
phosphate forms hydrophillic head, fatty acid form hydrophobic tails
forms a phospholipid bilayer basic structure of membranes

53
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

polymers made from nucleotides
( 2 types DNA and RNA )

54
Q

what is DNA

A

an information storing molecule made of dna monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double alpha helix
deoxyribonucleic acid
found in all organisms
carries genes
all organisms are built of proteins

55
Q

building block of DNA

A

DNA nucleotide ( made of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base)
4 types of nucleotides( adenine , thymine, cytosine , guanine)

56
Q

properties of DNA structure

A

double stranded= makes DNA more stable and strand acts as template in semi-conservative replication
coil in helix= more compact
sugar phosphate backbone= protects bases
h bonds = weak so strands separate more easily
complimentary base pairing= ensures identical copies of DNA made by semi-conservative replication

57
Q

DNA replication

A

occurs in interphase before mitosis and meiosis
occurs by semi-conservative repliction

58
Q

describe semi-conservative replication

A

DNA double strand separates and acts as template producing 2 identical copies of the dna, each has half the orginal strand and half the new strand
PROCESS:
dna helicase breaks h bonds between bases
double strande separates, leaves 2 template strands
free complimentary nucleotides bind to exposed bases on tmeplate strands
DNA polymerase joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new strand

59
Q

evidence for SCR

A

replicating bacterial DNA in 2 types of nitrogen isotopes, 15N and 14N

60
Q

what is rna

A

ribonucleic acid
a relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds
single stranded
bases = Adenine, uracil , cytosine, guanine

61
Q

formation of ATP ( equation)

A

ADP + PI = ATP
carries energy in its bonds

62
Q

what makes ATP good to deliverer of energy

A

immediate source= need to only breakdown one bond and that bond is weak
manageable source= releases small amount of energy

63
Q

uses of ATP in organisms

A

protein synthesis, organelles synthesis, DNA replication, cell division (mitosis), active transport, metabolic reactions, movements, maintaining body temerature

64
Q

role of water in biology

A

found in living organisms = cytoplasm ( all organisms) , xylem/phloem( in plants), tissue fluid and blood( for animals)
also acts as habitats for living organisms

65
Q

properties of water

A

water molecules are dipolar
hydrogen has slightly positive and oxygen is slightly negative
therefore water can form hydrogen bonds with each other

66
Q

what are inorganic ions

A

salts/ minerals
inorganic= do not contain carbon
eg sodium ions, chloride ions

67
Q

water in living organisms - habitat

A

water had a high specific heat capacity meaning that a lot of heat needs to be aplied before it evaporates due to the h bonds
also when water freezes it forms ice, as ice is less dense than water it floats insulating the water below it ,
in both cases water remains liquid to provide a habitat

68
Q

water in living organisms- solvent

A

because water molecules are dipolar they can separate out solutes based on their charge, so solute mixes with water and becomes dissolved, this is useful in cytoplasm of all cells and supports the reaction of these solutes, also useful in the processes of diffusion/active transport, and is also useful in transport such as blood phloem

69
Q

water in living organisms- hydrostatic pressure

A

water when pressurised can provide a strong physical pushing force. used particularly in mass flow.
also helps keep turgidity in plants

70
Q

water in living organisms- - homeostasis

A

mammals and humans control body temp by sweating, sweat on the skin uses heat from the blood to evaporate , hence, cooling the individual. because sweat/water is made up of hydrogen bonds, it has a stable structure, so requires large amounts of heat for it to evaporate. this is called LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION

A-level Biology (12 decks)

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