Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAPE Geography Unit 1 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Population Distribution and Factors

A

It refers to “The spread of people over the Earth’s surface. “

FACTORS
- Physical: Climate, Vegetation, Soils, Relief, Natural resources
- Human: Economic, Communication Networks, Government policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Merits and Demerits of Dot Maps

A

Merits:
1. They are relatively quick and simple to construct
2. They can represent data without the inclusion of area boundaries

Demerits:
1. Not suited for exact quantitative interpretation
2. A false impression of uniformity due to even spacing of dots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Merits and Demerits of Lorenz Curve

A

Merits:
1. Quick and simple to construct
2. Provide a visual representation of the inequality of population distribution
3. Can be used to compare the distribution of several countries

Demerits:
1. Not suited for exact quantitative interpretation because only cumulative % are used
2. Does not show the population distribution in relation to resources
3. Cannot show where or how the population is distributed within the country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Birth rate and factors

A

DENFINITION: The average annual number of births during a year per 1000 population.

FORMULA: (Live births/Total population *1000)

FACTORS:
1. Government policy
2. Culture and beliefs
3. Status of women
4. Age Structure
5. Migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Death rates and factors

A

DEFINITION: The average annual number of deaths during a year per 1000

FORMULA: (Deaths/Total population *1000)

FACTORS:
1. Communicable diseases and lifestyles
2. Natural & technological disasters
3. Level of health care
4. Age structure
5. Wars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Natural Increase/decrease

A

It is the difference between the birth rates and death rates in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fertility Rate

A

The average number of children that would be born per women by the end of their childbearing years.

(Births/ Women aged 15-44) * 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person born in a given area may expect to live.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Doubling Time

A

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

FORUMULA: (70 / % annual growth rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

A sequence of changes over a period of time in the relationship between births and deaths and overall population change.

Stage 1 (High fluctuating): High birth and death rates, Growth rate is low. {1750’s UK}

Stage 2 (Early expanding): High birth rate and rapidly decreasing death rate, Growth rate is rapid (J-curve) {Libya, Ethiopia}

Stage 3 (Late expanding): Birth rate falls rapidly, and death rate decreases slowly, Slower growth rate. {Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Brazil}

Stage 4 (Low fluctuating): Both birth and death rate are low and fluctuating, Low population growth (S-curve) {USA, UK)

Stage 5 (Negative growth): Death rate begins to increase and surpass the birth rate, Population declines , {Japan, Sweden}

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Applicability of DTM to MEDC’s and LEDC’s

A
  1. The model is Eurocentric as it is based on data collected in England , Wales and Sweden
  2. Some countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong have high GDP’s per capita and may quickly going through the stages of the DTM
  3. LEDC’s have different cultural, historical and religious factors from the MEDC’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pro-natalist (France- “Code de la famille )

A

Methods:

  1. Cash incentives for mothers to stay at home and care for children
  2. Banning the sale of contraceptives
  3. Maturity grants
  4. Maternity Leave
  5. Child-orientated development policies

Consequences:

  1. Increase of birth rate to 1.9 being one of the highest in Europe
  2. Continued growth in France’s population (75 million in 2050)
  3. High rates of immigration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anti-natalist (China - one child policy)

A

By 1975, the average family in China had three children.

The state began their campaign of “later longer fewer” - later marriages, longer gaps between children and fewer children

Then, in 1979, the state introduced a rigorous one child per family policy.

Methods:

  1. Incentives including free education and family benefits for smaller families
  2. Fines up to 15% of family income of couples with a second child
  3. The marriageable age for men was set at 22 and for women at 20
  4. Women pregnant for the second time have to do abortions or be sterilized

Consequences:

  1. Demographic Structure
  2. Gender Structure
  3. Civil Liberties & Human Rights
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Migration & Circulation

A

Migration is the movement of a person from one place to another involving a change in address for one year or more. A short term, repetitive movement without any long-standing change in residence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Migration

A

Internal: movement is within a country

International: movement from one country to another

Seasonal: moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions

Temporary: for a limited period, this might only be for a few weeks or even several years.

Permanent: The person may leave at a early age and only return several years later when they retire

Involuntary: When people are forced to migrate, often because of
unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or
religious persecution.

Voluntary: movements that results from unenforced motives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of Migration (Push factors)

A

Push factors from the source country are what encourages persons to migrate while push factors from the destination country discourage migration.

Source Country:

  1. Unemployment
  2. Wages
  3. Poor education and health care
  4. Crime
  5. Climate
  6. Natural Hazards

Destination Country:

  1. Cost of housing
  2. Racial tension
  3. Language barrier
  4. No familial connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of Migration (Pull factors)

A

Pull factors from the source country are what encourages persons to stay while pull factors from the destination country encourage migration.

Source Country:

  1. Family and friends
  2. Understanding the language
  3. Knowing the culture

Destination Country:

  1. Better jobs
  2. Safe environment
  3. Better health care and education
  4. Friends and Family already living there
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Consequences of Migration (Positive)

A

Source Country:

  1. Brain regain
  2. Remittances
  3. Employment relief
  4. Reduction in poverty

Destination Country:

  1. Source of Labor
  2. GDP growth
  3. Reduction in labor cost
  4. Gain of skilled laborers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Consequences of Migration (Negative)

A

Source Country:

  1. Brain drain
  2. Labor market shortage
  3. Increase in Dependency ratio
  4. Family separation

Destination Country:

  1. Xenophobia / Racism
  2. Pressure on social services
  3. Unemployment
  4. Increased congestion and pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Julian Wolpert theory of ‘Place Utility’

A

It is an individual’s degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place (the net acceptability of a location).

If the advantages of a location outweigh the disadvantages, that location possess positive place utility and a person is likely to remain there.

Conversely, when the disadvantages of a location outweigh the advantages, that location will possess negative place utility and a person is likely to leave.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

E.G Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A

These principles state:

  1. Most migrants travel only a short distance.
  2. Most migration occurs in steps.
  3. Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction (“counterflow”).
  4. Most international migrants are young males, while more
    internal migrants are female.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G.K. Zipf’s Inverse Distance Law

A

Based on Ravestein’s Laws but it states that the volume of migration is inversely proportional to the distance travelled by the migrants.

Longer distance = fewer migrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S.A. Stouffer’s Theory of Intervening Opportunity

A

The amount of migration over a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at the point of destination but inversely proportional to the number of opportunities between the point of departure and the destination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

E.S Lee’s Push and Pull Concept

A

He describes the push and pull factors of migration which are basically reasons for emigration and immigration.

A push factor is something that is unfavorable about the area that someone lives in and is a reason for them to leave.

A pull factor is a factor that attracts someone into an area. The factor could be economic, cultural, or environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Population Growth

A

The change of population is affected by natural increase or decrease and net migration (positive or negative).

Population growth rate= Change in population for the time x 100/ The initial population

26
Q

Flow Lines

A

They are used to depict migration.

Characteristics:

  1. Arrows are used that point in the direction of migration
  2. Arrows of varying thickness that relate to the volume of migrants
  3. Arrows are generally shaded in dark tones for clarity

Advantages:

  1. Relatively quick and simple to construct
  2. Provides a visual representation of the direction of movement while illustrating the number of migrants
  3. Lengths of arrows show the distance travelled

Disadvantages:

  1. They only indicate general variations in volume and are therefore not suited to exact quantitative interpretation
  2. If the flow lines are too wide, they will tend to create blocks and obscure the map
  3. There may be a cluster of arrows at the destination making it difficult to discern individual arrows.
27
Q

Purpose of Population Pyramids

A

The pyramids can indicate both short and long term future changes in population; show the results of migration, the age and sex of migrants and the effects of wars and major epidemics.

28
Q

Interpretation of a Population Pyramid

A
  1. Shape: This refers to the overall slope created by the shortening bars.
    It may be:
    - concave that is, declining rapidly with age;
    - even steep slope - true pyramid-shape;
    - straight especially at base - shortening slowly;
    - convex - bulging in the middle and to top; - inverted - wider towards the top
  2. Base and height: Generally, the base reflects the birth rate and the height the life expectancy.
  • Wide base, short height indicates high birth rate and low life expectancy.
  • Narrowing base and lengthening height reveal falling birth rate, and longer life-expectancy
  • A narrow base and tall height may indicate, a very low birth rate, and
    very long-life expectancy.
  1. Relative size of 15-65 age groups. This is the economically active part of the population.
29
Q

Population Structure of LDCs (YOUTHFUL)

A

They have a high proportion of young people and a small proportion of the elderly. Their pyramids have:

  1. Wide bases (high CBR)
  2. Narrow tops (Low life expectancy, >50)

They occur in countries such as Saharan Africa (Kenya, Nigeria), Latin America, Asian countries.

Migration also plays a part as a large number of immigrants are male so there may be an imbalance of males and females. Wars will also lead to a sex imbalance as more males usually die than females.

30
Q

Population Structure of MDCs (AGING)

A

They have a growing elderly population and a decreasing youth.
Their pyramids have:
1. Narrowing bases (low CBR)
2. Broad tops (High life expectancy, 75-80)

They are found in countries such as Canada, USA, Japan and Western Europe

31
Q

Dependency ratios (DR) - calculation and implications.

A

The ratio between people not in the labor force (ages 0-14 + 65+) and the economically active population (15-64)

DR = ( (People <= 15) + (People >= 65)/ (People 16-64)) *100)

*A DR of 42 means for every 100 members of the economically active population there are 42 dependents

Implications of Higher Dependency Ratio

  1. Lower Tax Revenues
  2. Higher Government Spending
  3. Potential higher taxes
  4. Pressure to raise the retirement age
  5. Lower Pension Funds
32
Q

Population Density

A

The number of people per unit area. The formula is:

Total population of an area / Area (km^2)

33
Q

Choropleth Maps

A

Characteristics:

  1. Shading used to build a pattern of spatial variation between areas
  2. Commonly used as a quantitative map
  3. Shading represents standardized average values for each area

Advantages:

  1. Quick and simple to construct
  2. Useful for general trends within a distribution, such as density
  3. Represents data in a form that can be easily interpreted quantitatively

Disadvantages:

  1. Incorrectly indicates an abrupt change in distribution along the border of different classes. (Change is gradual and bear little relation to boundaries)
  2. Wrongly indicates no variation with the boundaries of individual areas
34
Q

Optimum Population

A

The size of population which allows the maximum sustainable utilization of resources and the highest possible standard of living. (Holland, USA)

The situation is very dynamic because the depletion of resources without alternatives or a sudden increase in population from immigration can lead to a temporary state of overpopulation

35
Q

Migration Patterns

A

Step: the migrants change location in a series of small steps, each taking them closer to their intended destination

Chain: it may begin with one family member who sends money to bring family members to the new location

Channel: people move between areas that are connected by past migration.

36
Q

Standard of Living

A

SOL = Natural resources * Technology / Population

37
Q

Overpopulation

A

When the number of people exceed the carrying capacity of that area. This results in environmental degradation and lowering of the standard of living.(Haiti, Bangladesh)

High population density does not necessarily mean overpopulated (Germany, France) as there is an abundance of resources to support the population.

38
Q

Underpopulation

A

The situation where resources could support a larger population with a resultant increase in living standards as the population is too small to make the best use of its resources. (Canada, Australia)

39
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

It is the number of people that an environment can support or the number of people that can live at a high standard of living in any given environment.

The carrying capacity of an area may rise with economic progress and/or technological advances.

It may also fall following natural disasters

40
Q

Carrying Capacity Models

A

Model 1: shows an abrupt ceiling to the growth of population. The rate of increase may be unchanged until the ceiling is reached (highly unlikely)

Model 2: (S-curve) shows a progressive slowing down of population growth. The population increase begins to taper off as the carrying capacity is approached and then levels off when the ceiling is reached.

Model 3: (J-curve) the rapid rise in population exceeds the carrying capacity, resulting in a sudden check (famine, birth control). The population recovers and
fluctuates, eventually settling down at the carrying capacity.

41
Q

Malthusian Theory (1798- ‘An essay on the principles of population’,)

A

THE THEORY
He believed that there was a finite optimum population size in relation to food supply and that an increase in population beyond the carrying capacity would have severe consequences (a decline in standard of living and to ‘war, famine and disease.’) This view is pessimistic and he claimed that food supply was the main limitation of population growth

Malthus said that the human population grows geometrically/exponentially (such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.) while food supplies grows arithmetically (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.), being limited by available new land.

According to Malthus, population increase is limited by certain ‘checks’, which prevent the number of people increasing beyond the optimum population:

  1. Negative checks: these are methods which people can choose to reduce human fertility, e.g. abstinence or delaying marriage
  2. Positive checks: these are those which increases mortality, e.g. low living standards and unhealthy living conditions resulting in disease, war and famine

CRITICISMS OF THE THEORY
1. Lack of foresight about the advancements in technology that have been responsible for the large increases in modern day agricultural productivity. By making rapid advances in technology and accumulating capital in larger quantity, advanced countries have been able to postpone the stage of diminishing returns.

  1. Malthus’s pessimistic conclusions about the economic conditions of future generations of mankind have not been realized in the Western world, based on the history of Western European countries.
  2. The theory of population gave no proof of his assertion that population increased exactly in geometric progression and food production increased exactly in arithmetic progression.
42
Q

Esther Boserup (1965- “ The Conditions of Agricultural Growth”,)

A

THE THEORY
She was optimistic as she believed that an increase in population would lead to a greater creativity and increased invention. The ideas she proposed can be summed up as “necessity is the mother of invention” or “when the going gets tough, the tough get going”. As population increases, agriculture moves into higher stages of intensity through innovation and the introduction of new farming methods.

CRITICISM OF THE THEORY
1. The imbalance and disparities between population growth and technology around the world as the poorest LEDCs have the highest population growth rates but the lowest levels of technology usage as such they suffer from food shortages and famine

  1. It has been very difficult to test Boserup’s ideas (since migration usually occurs in areas of over-population to relieve the population pressure which, according to the theory, then leads to technological innovation).
  2. Over-population, as admitted by Boserup, can lead to unsuitable farming practices which may degrade the land. Therefore, certain types of fragile environments cannot support excessive numbers of people
  3. Boserup tends to neglect the impact and role of physical factors. The physical environment and its potential or limitations are fundamental for agricultural change. Factors such as climate and especially rainfall are fundamental factors, as well as natural disasters, which have catastrophic effects on agriculture and food production.
43
Q

What is a settlement?

A

A settlement is a place in which people live and where they carry out a variety of activities (trade, agriculture, manufacturing and leisure) and it can be temporary (may be occupied for only a matter of days, for a few months or for a limited number of years) or permanent (sited and constructed to remain indefinitely).

44
Q

What is rural?

A

The term rural can be defined as the less densely populated parts of a country which are recognized by their visual ‘countryside’ components.

Three criteria used are:

i. Economic- a high dependency on agriculture for income

ii. Social and Demographic- the ‘rural way of life’ and low population density

iii. Geographical- remoteness from urban centres

45
Q

Types and patterns of rural settlements

A

The pattern refers to the spatial arrangement or distribution of settlement within a given area.

Isolated: one or a few building located far away from other dwellings. Occurs in areas with extreme physical difficulties (high mountains with rugged topography, dense forest, natural resources to sustain only a few inhabitants)

Dispersed: refers to a scattering of individual dwellings across a large area separated from other buildings by several kilometers. (Amazon rainforest)

Linear: buildings occur in a lines along lines of communication like roads, rivers and railways. Also occur along river valleys because of the flatness of the land.

Semi-nucleated: more loosely clustered than the nucleated one and may take the appearance of a X-junction (cruciform), T-junction, Y-junction as linear settlements merge at road junctions resulting a denser concentration of buildings (Curepe Junction)

Nucleated: occurs where there is a dense cluster of buildings in one location

46
Q

Factors affecting the location of rural settlements.

A

Relief: Large, flat, fertile plains are beneficial for farming and ease of construction for houses and roads

Fresh water: As it essential for all forms of life, settlements are often located on wet points with a reliable supply of fresh water, either from surface sources or groundwater. Rivers are therefore invaluable sources of potable water.

Dry points: In order to avoid flooding, some settlements were established on elevated spots above flood level. This reduces the spread of water-borne diseases associated with stagnant water.

Food: Areas with edible fruits and vegetables are major benefits for settlements. During the colonial period, plantations were concentrated in areas suitable for the growth of sugar, bananas, coffee

Defense: Early settlements were built on high ground with commanding views which acted as a vantage point to see in coming enemy attacks

Harbors: Sheltered bays and estuaries are excellent spots for the construction of coastal harbors which allow for trade

47
Q

The effects of changes in rural settlements in MDCs

A
  1. Improvements in standard of living due to improvements in transport
  2. Greater migration from rural areas as more people own private cars or through improvements in public transport
  3. The rural population and village adapts characteristics of suburbanized villages as it serves as a residence for people working in the nearby urban centers
  4. As people leave the cities and settle in rural areas, more jobs in these areas are created
48
Q

Settlement hierarchy

A

It refers to a vertical differentiation of settlements, ranked one above the other, based on their size and importance.

                                  Hamlet 
                                  Village 
                              Small town 
                              Large town 
                                    City 
                             Megalopolis 
                       Capital/primate city
49
Q

Rank size rule

A

It states that the size of settlements is inversely proportional to their rank. The second largest settlement has half the population of the largest and so on.

50
Q

Primacy

A

This occurs when the largest settlement often the capital city, dominates the country in terms of population size and socio- economic development (the ‘primate city’ has a population several times that of the second largest city’), Georgetown, Guyana, London, Paris

This usually occurs due to rapid immigration from rural areas and other towns. In LEDCs they occurred when a colonial power developed a strategic city in a colony to function as a center of trade and administration

POSITIVES:

  1. It allows economies of scale to be achieved as a large work force is nearby
  2. More efficiently provides services to people who are concentrated rather than spread out
  3. a large skilled workforce is attractive to industrialist.

NEGATIVES:

  1. Shortages of services
  2. Pollution
  3. Poor air quality
  4. Housing shortages
  5. Unemployment
51
Q

Urbanization

A

It refers to the increase in the percentage of the population living in town and cities. In these settlements, most jobs are predominantly secondary activities such as manufacturing and tertiary activities such as the provision of services

THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization has increased due to:
1. Greater rural-urban migration
2. Natural increase in urban areas due to higher birth rates and lower mortality rates
3. Decrease in rural population due to famine and disease

Stages of Urbanization
There are five main stages of urbanization:

i. Very slow growth with most people employed in
agriculture

ii. Rapid urbanization associated with economic
development

iii. Urbanization ends- the vast majority live in towns and
cities and are employed in industry and services

iv. Counter-urbanization occurs and the urban proportion
decreases as some prefer to commute

v. Re-urbanization associated with urban renewal

52
Q

Suburbanization

A

This refers to the decentralization of persons, employment and services from the inner and central areas of cities and their relocation towards the margins of the built up areas. This process has led to the build-up of suburbs and the extension of the city over a larger area.

53
Q

Counter-urbanization

A

This is the shift of the process of urbanization in the reverse direction, with the redistribution of population from major cities and metropolitan concentrations towards smaller metropolitan areas and beyond into non-metropolitan areas.

54
Q

Re-urbanization

A

This occurs when the population in central areas of the city stabilizes or may even start to increase due to job creation or other factors in the central area.

55
Q

Gentrification

A

This is a process which occurs in certain inner city areas where old, substandard housing is bought and modernized and occupied by middle class and wealthy families.

Consequences:
1. The upward spiral of desirability and increasing rents and property values often erodes the very qualities that began attracting new people in the first place.

  1. Displacement of the original community
  2. When buildings are sold, buyers often evict the existing tenants
  3. New tax base usually result in significantly increased economic activity.
  4. Public improvements (streets, parks and infrastructure)
  5. New standards through design guidelines, historic preservation legislation and laws
56
Q

The Problems of Urbanization

A

The process of rapid rates of urbanization has serious problems, including:

i. Balancing underemployment and unemployment

ii. Dealing with inefficient public service systems that are
outgrown by an ever-increasing demand

iii. Balancing a limited public health care infrastructure
iv. Dealing with homelessness and other issues

Urbanization in LDCs will be more difficult to manage than in MDCs for the following reasons:

  1. When compared to urbanization trends in MDCs, the rate of urbanization in LDCs is much higher. These cities will be forced to absorb more people in less time.
  2. In previous urbanization processes, the migration from rural areas to urban areas once provided pressure on agricultural land because MDCs could rely on LDCs for food growth. Today, as more and more people in LDCs abandon the agriculture industry, there is an increased pressure on how the demand for food is going to be met.
  3. The advances in communication have increased the ability of people in rural areas to find out about
    opportunities in urban areas more quickly. The advances in transportation have lowered the cost and time that were once required to travel great distances.
  4. When urban areas started to get too crowded in MDCs, people could traditionally immigrate to other areas such as LDCs. With LDCs getting too crowded, there is nowhere to emigrate to that
    provides an escape from crowds.
57
Q

Functional Zones within a city

A

Central Business District:
1. Centre for services( banking, retail, finance)
2. Highest land values (high rents)
3. High volume and concentration of traffic and pedestrians
4. Main offices (highly skilled workers)
5. Greatest accessibility

Inner city/ Zone of transition
1. Cheaper land values
2. Light industry (food processing, furniture making)
3. Low - medium skilled workers

Residential Zone

58
Q

The Concentric Zone model (Burgess Land Use Model)

A

Present in 1925 and was based on the city of Chicago and its expansion and socio-economic changes

The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) (the further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the commuting time).

In this model, urban growth is a process of expansion and reconversion of land uses, with a tendency of each inner zone to expand in the outer zone.

Concentric Rings
ZONE 1: Central Business District
ZONE 2: Transition zone
ZONE 3: Low-class housing
ZONE 4: Medium-class housing
ZONE 5: High-class housing (Commuter zone)

Applicability
It can be applicable to cities such as Port of Spain and Kingston. However there are limitations:

  1. It is too simplistic and limited to the context of the 1950’s
  2. The model was developed for American cities and has limited applicability elsewhere.
  3. It does not take into account typography
  4. There is also no clear distinction between the concentric zones in reality.
  5. It can not be applied to the context where highways have enabled urban development to escape the reconversion process and to take place directly in the suburbs.
59
Q

Sector and Nuclei urban land use model (Hoyt)

A

Presented in 1939 and based on a study of 142 cities in the USA. He suggested that transport corridors, such as rail lines, public transit and major roads, are mainly responsible for the creation of sectors and their various land uses

Sector Development:

  1. Instead of concentric rings, the zones developed as sections wedged in between each other.
  2. Unlike Burgess’ model, once a sector developed a land distinctive land usage it retains that usage as the city expands
  3. Areas of most desirable housing would have on either side of these sectors would be housing areas of intermediate quality.
  4. The wealthy would live far away from the city center and commute to work

Applicability:

  1. Zones are never as clear cut as they are in the model
  2. Hoyt could not see the improvements in transport and technology which would have allowed for small towns on the outskirts of cities to develop into suburbs and large towns.
60
Q

Multiple Nuclei Model (Ullman-Harris)

A

Presented in 1945 and provided a more realistic description of the urban structure within a city.

Multiple Nuclei Development:

The types of places that may act as nuclei include airports, industrial
estates, ports, or university campuses. Outward growth from each nuclei continues until they merge and form one large urban center. Whenever a city becomes too large, some services and functions are dispersed to a new nuclei.

Applicability:

  1. It can be applied to cities such as London and Tokyo
  2. It was the first to take into account the process of suburbanization
  3. The model has the advantage of flexibility since it can be applied to most large cities in the world, both in developed and developing regions.
61
Q

Solutions to Urban Growth

A

MEDCs:

  1. New traffic plans to combat congestion
  2. Green field sites for recreation and relaxation with trees to filter toxins
  3. Strict environmental laws to minimize fumes and air pollution
  4. Reshoring to bring back jobs to the country

LEDCs:

  1. Upgrading housing
  2. Increase in housing
  3. Improvement in services (water, sewerage, electricity)
  4. Decentralization

CAPE Geography Unit 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions