Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
PaO2
A
80-100mmhg
2
Q
PaCO2
A
35-45 mmHg
3
Q
Magnesium level
A
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
4
Q
Total calcium level
A
8.4-10.5 mg/dL
5
Q
Sodium level
A
135-145 mEq/L
6
Q
Surface Area Calculation
A
(surface area in square meters/1.73) x
average adult dose
7
Q
CLARK’S RULE
A
weight of child in lbs over 150 lbs x ave. adult dose
8
Q
Young’s rule
A
Child’s age in years over child’s age in year + 12 x ave. adult dose
9
Q
Fried’s rule
A
infant’s age in months over 150 months x ave. adult dose
10
Q
chamber is with needle
A
Microdrop tube set
11
Q
Micro drop rate
A
60 gtt/min
12
Q
1 gr in mg
A
60 mg
13
Q
1 tsp in mL
A
5 mL
14
Q
1 kg in lbs
A
2.2 lbs
15
Q
1 ounce in tbsp
A
2 tbsp
16
Q
1 tbsp in tsp
A
3 tsp
17
Q
1 ounce in gr
A
480 gr
18
Q
qhs
A
nightly
19
Q
AS
A
Left ear
20
Q
AD
A
Right ear
21
Q
MGSO4
A
Magnesium Sulfate
22
Q
MS MSO4
A
Morphine Sulfate
23
Q
QOD
A
Every other day
24
Q
Administration of Ear Drops (children and adult)
A
Straighten the external ear canal by:
■ pulling down and back on the auricle in children or
■ pulling up and back on the auricle in adult
25
Administration of Eye Drops
Gently pull down the skin below the eye to expose the
| conjunctival sac
26
○ Do not cut patches.
○ Remove patches with metallic components prior to MRI.
○ Remove the old patch prior to applying the new one.
Transdermal
27
Dissolved in sugar
Syrups
28
Liquid that contain solid, insoluble drug particles,
| has granules -- needs to be shaken
suspensions
29
Water-in-oil; oil-in-water; gelatin
emulsions
30
Clear liquids dissolved in alcohol and water
Elixirs
31
Flat disks; flavored base
Lozenges
32
Provide gradual but continuous release of
| the drug
time released capsule
33
Enteric-coated and timed-release capsules must be ____ to be effective
swallowed whole
34
NOT given to clients who are vomiting, lack a
| gag reflex, or who are comatose.
oral meds
35
Dr.’s order upon admission, continual unless ordered
Standing
36
validating for right drug
(3x - before med prep, after med
| prep, before administering)
37
as directed
ut dict.
38
TID
3x a daY
39
stat
at once; NOW NA
40
ss
½
41
qid
4x a day
42
qd
once daily; OD
43
prn
as needed
44
pc
after meals
45
ou
both eyes
46
os
left eye
47
od
right eye
48
hs
at bedtime
49
bid
2x a day
50
ad lib
as much as desired
51
ac
before meals
52
aa
53
Rashes, Hives Nursing Interventions
● Frequent skin care
● Instruct to avoid rubbing, tight or rough clothing and harsh
soaps
● Administer antihistamines as appropriate.
54
Condition in which the person’s body has too few RBCs,
| WBCs and platelets.
Pancytopenia
55
Stomatitis Nursing Intervention
● Frequent mouth care.
| ● DAT (Diet as Tolerated) with small, frequent feeding.
56
when body forms antibodies to a particular drug inducing a
| response in the subsequent exposure
Drug Allergy
57
onset, peak, duration, therapeutic range,
| side effects, adverse reactions
Pharmacodynamics
58
↓K, ↓Mg, ↑ Ca levels
digitalis toxicity
59
wide margin of safety (toxic)
Decreased TI
60
narrow margin of safety (safe)
Increased TI
61
Measures the margin of safety of a drug
It is a ratio that measures the effective therapeutic dose and the
lethal dose
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
62
Receptor produces a variety of
effects on different organs (these are responses that are not
only agonist/antagonist)
Nonspecific Drug effects
63
Time the drug has its pharmacologic effect
Duration
64
Drug reaches its HIGHEST blood concentration
Peak
65
Time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration
| MEC
Onset
66
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Study of drug concentration and its effects on the body
67
Iron tablets causes fecal matter to turn into what color
black
68
Creatinine clearance
Normal = 85-135 ml/min
69
Urine pH
Normal = 4.5-8
70
24, 36 half life
Long half-life
71
4-8 hours half-life
Short half-life
72
The time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be
eliminated
HALF- LIFE
73
“biotransformation”
● Process by which body inactivates the drug
● GI tract, LIVER
METABOLISM
74
```
allows only lipid-soluble drugs
■ Factors that affects Protein Levels:
● Nutrition
● Age
● Liver and Kidney Disease
```
Blood-brain Barrier
75
■Drugs bind to protein; the portion that is bound is INACTIVE,
while the portion that is unbound is ACTIVE or FREE drug.
■ two or more highly protein-bound drugs are given at the same
time - free drug in the circulation - toxicity protein level -
protein binding sites - free drug – drug accumulation/toxicity
Protein-binding Effect
76
Process when drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues
DISTRIBUTION
77
Drugs given IM can be absorbed faster in the _)_____ area than
gluteal area.
deltoid
78
decreases blood circulation in the GI tract
Exercise
79
slow gastric
emptying time, thus the drug remains in the stomach for a longer
period of time.
Pain, stress foods that are SOLID, HOT and FATTY
80
percentage of the drug that reaches the systemic
| circulation
Bioavailability
81
“Hepatic First Pass”
| Drug passes to the liver first
First- Pass Effect
82
cells engulfing the drug particles
Pinocytosis
83
requires carrier, thus energy to transport
Active absorption
84
occurs by diffusion
Passive absorption
85
Movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by
PASSIVE, ACTIVE absorption or pinocytosis.
ABSORPTION
86
process of Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
87
Process of drug movement to achieve drug action
PHARMACOKINETICS
88
Fastest disintegration form of drug
Liquid from
89
gives privileges to elderly Filipinos 60 years and
above.
● Entitled to 20% discount and exempted from VAT ( value added tax)
● For medicines, generic and branded, vitamins and mineral
supplements with doctor’s prescription
Republic Act 9994; EXPANDED SENIOR CITIZENS ACT
90
self-inducing sedatives, secobarbitals,
| hypnotic drugs
Regulated Drugs
91
drugs with opium, cocoa leaf, heroine,
| morphine, LSD
Prohibited Drugs
92
drugs which produces insensibility, stupor,
| melancholy or dullness of mind, habit forming
Narcotics
93
Registration and imposition of license on all persons who deal with
narcotic drugs and the control of the legal traffic in narcotic drugs
RA 953 – NARCOTIC DRUG ACT
94
Essential Drug List
-List of drugs prepared by DOH on the basis of health conditions
in the Philippines as well as internationally accepted criteria
REPUBLIC ACT 6675 - GENERICS ACT OF 1988
95
identification of drugs with scientifically and internationally
recognized active ingredients
promote, encourage and require the use of generic terminology
in the importation, manufacture, distribution, marketing,
advertising and promotion, prescription and dispensing of drugs
ensure the adequate supply of drugs with generic names at the
lowest possible cost and endeavor to make them available for
free to indigent patients
REPUBLIC ACT 6675 - GENERICS ACT OF 1988
96
Practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous drug to any person
whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use
Imprisonment ranging from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years
RA 9165- Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
97
```
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
limited abuse potential
Medically accepted drugs
● Ex: Opioid-controlled substances for
diarrhea and cough
```
Schedule V (C-V)
98
```
. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Less abuse
Limited dependence
Antianxiety, sedative
Medically accepted drugs
● Ex: Phenobarbital (luminal),
benzodiazepines
```
Schedule IV (C-IV)
99
```
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Less abuse potential
Moderate dependents
Medically accepted drugs
● Ex: Nonamphetamine stimulants, codeine
preparations, paregoric, nonnarcotic drugs
```
Schedule III (C-III)
100
```
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
High abuse potential
Accepted medical use
Severe dependence liability
● Ex: Narcotics, barbiturates
```
Schedule II (C-II)
101
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
High abuse potential drugs
No accepted medical use
● Ex: Heroin, marijuana, LSD
Schedule I (C-I)
102
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
Human fetal risk proven
Risk on use of pregnant women
Category X
103
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
human fetal risk
Benefit vs. risk
Life threatening situation
Weigh, explain properly through therapeutic
communication, and discuss the benefits and risk for
both the mother and the baby
Category D
104
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
Animal studies = no risk to fetus
May be acceptable
No adequate studies on humans
Category C
105
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
No adequate studies in pregnant women have shown
an adverse effects Little to NO RISK to the fetus in the
1st trimester
Category B
106
. PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
| No risk to fetus in the 1st trimester and later
Category A
107
```
● Lack therapeutic activity
● Too toxic, teratogenic
● Small safety margin, produce unacceptable side effects
● Have a low benefit to risk ratio
● Not as effective as available drugs
```
DRUG DROPPED FROM THE STUDY
108
Use of drug in vast clinical market; after this, there would be a continuous evaluation
PHASE III STUDIES
109
Try drugs to patients who have the disease; Performed at various studies
PHASE II STUDIES
110
Healthy volunteers to test drugs
PHASE I STUDIES
111
DRUG EVALUATION
| \Chemicals are tested to determine whether they have effects; Evaluate adverse effects
PRECLINICAL TRIALS
112
Discovered but are not financially viable and not yet adopted by
any drug company; Treat rare disease
ORPHAN DRUGS
113
OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS
| = insufficient data to classify
Category III
114
OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS
| - either unsafe or ineffective
Category II
115
OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS- safe and efffective
Category I
116
Drugs that are unsafe unless administered under the supervision of
a licensed practitioner, Hypnotic Drugs, Narcotics, Habit-forming Drugs, New drugs that are investigated
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
117
SOURCES OF DRUGS
Plants, Animal Products, Inorganic Compounds, Synthetic Drugs
118
Name given by the manufacturer
Brand Name
119
common name; Name listed in the US Food
| and Drug Administration
Generic Name
120
chemical constitution of the drug
Chemical Name
121
chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms
drug
122
means science
Logos
123
means "drugs"
Pharmakon
124
aa
of each
125
qhs
nightly
