Module 1 Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
what are the two divisions of the central nervous system
Brain and Spinal Cord
What are the first two divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic (Involuntary) and
Somatic (Voluntary)
what does soma stand for
body
what does somatic stand for
body (skeletal) motor output
what does the somatic division control
sensory-motor nerves
What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Enteric
Sympathetic
Para Sympathetic
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for
fight or flight
What happens to the body during fight or flight
increased heart rate
increased respiration
enlarged pupils
digestion shuts down
what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for
rest and digest
What happens to the body during rest and digest
everything slows down pupils get smaller breathing slows and deepens heart rate slows Digestion occurs
what are the three divisions of the brain
cerebrum/cerebral cortex
Cerebellum/cerebellar cortex
brainstem
What are the three general areas of the brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
what is the name of the anatomical orientation for the top of the brain
Dorsal aka Superior
what is the name of the anatomical orientation for the back of the brain
Caudal aka Posterior
what is the anatomical orientation of the bottom side of the brain
Ventral aka Inferior
What is the anatomical orientation of the front of the brain
Rostral aka Anterior
What is the term for towards the middle of the brain
medial (towards the middle)
what is the term for towards the outside of the brain
lateral (towards the side)
What are the three different planes of dissection
Saggital
Horizontal
Coronal
how does the Saggital plane dissect the brain
it divides it into right and left pieces
How does the Horizontal plane dissect the brain
it divides the brain into top and bottom pieces
How does the Coronal (aka frontal) plane dissect the brain
cuts off slices like bread (cutting off the tip of the nose)
What is the viscera
the guts - extends from the larynx to the bowels
What are the two main kinds of cells in the brain
neurons
glial cells
these brain cells are nerve cells that are extremely greedy and need more than their fair share of oxygen, glucose, nutrients, etc.
neurons
these brain cells are more numerous they are the “crew” or helper cells that are all about serving and they comprise about 90% of the brain
glial cells
which brain cells need servicing and which brain cells do the servicing
neurons need helpers
glial cells are the helpers 10 glial cells for every 1 neuron
What are the 7 parts of the neuron that make up the whole? (CB, D, AH, A, NofR, MS, AT)
cell body dendrites axon hillock axon Node of Ranvier Myelin Sheath Axon terminal
This part of the neuron is the heart of the neuron and is also known as Soma
Cell Body
This part of the neuron is branches that reach out to connect with other neurons to receive messages. They physically change day-to-day and in a healthy brain, they continue to grow and make connections.
Dendrites
This part of the neuron is the juncture where the cell body meets the axon
Axon Hillock
What happens at the Axon Hillock
the neural message starts and its role is to decide whether the neuron should fire and send the bioelectrical message down the axon or not.
This part of the neuron is the 1-3 ft. long tube that the message is sent along
Axon
This part of the neuron is responsible for releasing chemical messages into the tiny synaptic cleft where they can be received by the receptor sites in the dendrites
Axon Terminal
what happens to the electrical message when it reaches the axon terminal
neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft where they can enter into receptor sites on the next neuron
How do you explain the key and lock analogy when it comes to neuron activity
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft by the axon terminal, they must enter the next neuron through the correct receptor site like a key in a lock, specific neurotransmitters can only connect with the correct receptor site that fits.
What is the name of the bioelectrical charge that is being sent down the axon
the action potential
What is the name that describes the neuron when it is not firing
the resting potential
which comes first the action potential or the resting potential
the resting potential (like a default setting)
what is the charge inside the axon during the resting potential
-60 mV millivolts
how is the negative charge maintained in the axon during the resting potential
through the Sodium (Na+) / Potassium (K+) pump
what is the rule for the Sodium / Potassium pumps
3 Sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pulled in
what is the symbol for Sodium
Na+
what is the symbol for potassium
K+
How does sodium and potassium move in and out of the axon
through ion channels
Why is the charge always negative during the resting potential
Because the potassium pumps keep it that way by removing 3 positive ions and pulling in only 2 positive ions this means overall -1
What is another name for the sodium/potassium pump
sodium/potassium trasnsporter
what are the two physical forces at work during the resting potential
electrostatic pressure
diffusion
this physical force causes sodium to want to get inside the axon because sodium is positive and the inside of the axon is negative
electrostatic pressure
this physical force causes sodium to want to get inside the axon because there is more sodium outside the axon than inside the axon
diffusion - ion wants to distribute itself equally
In the case of sodium ions are the two forces working together or against each other during the resting potential
they are both working together to cause the sodium to want to get inside the axon
where is there lots of sodium
extracellular fluid outside of the axon
where is there less sodium
the intracellular fluid inside the axon
what is the difference between the sodium and potassium channels during the resting period
sodium ion channels are closed while potassium ion channels stay open
what is the basic premise of the force of electrostatic pressure
opposite charge attract - positive and negative are drawn to each other while two positives or two negatives repel each other
what is the basic premise of the force of diffusion
ions want to distribute themselves equally in a medium
In the case of potassium ions are the two forces working together or against each other during the resting potential
they are working against each other
what does electrostatic pressure tell the potassium ions to do during the resting potential
electrostatic pressure is telling the potassium ions to stay in the axon because potassium is positive and the charge in the axon is negative during the resting potential
what does diffusion tell the potassium ions to do during the resting potential
diffusion tells the potassium ions to go out into the extracellular fluid because there is less of it out there
where is there more potassium during the resting potential
intracellular fluid
where is there less potassium during the resting potential
extracellular fluid
what is the desire of the sodium (Na+) ions during the resting potential
I want to get inside the axon!
what is the desire of the potassium (K+) ions during the resting potential
I kind of want to go out but I kind of want to stay in as well, I don’t really know what I want to do.
Do the two forces of electrostatic pressure and diffusion affect the sodium/ion pumps?
No, they work on the ion channels
