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BioPsych > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the central nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the first two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic (Involuntary) and

Somatic (Voluntary)

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4
Q

what does soma stand for

A

body

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5
Q

what does somatic stand for

A

body (skeletal) motor output

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6
Q

what does the somatic division control

A

sensory-motor nerves

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7
Q

What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Enteric
Sympathetic
Para Sympathetic

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

What happens to the body during fight or flight

A

increased heart rate
increased respiration
enlarged pupils
digestion shuts down

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10
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

rest and digest

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11
Q

What happens to the body during rest and digest

A 
everything slows down 
pupils get smaller
breathing slows and deepens
heart rate slows
Digestion occurs
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12
Q

what are the three divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum/cerebral cortex
Cerebellum/cerebellar cortex
brainstem

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13
Q

What are the three general areas of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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14
Q

what is the name of the anatomical orientation for the top of the brain

A

Dorsal aka Superior

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15
Q

what is the name of the anatomical orientation for the back of the brain

A

Caudal aka Posterior

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16
Q

what is the anatomical orientation of the bottom side of the brain

A

Ventral aka Inferior

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17
Q

What is the anatomical orientation of the front of the brain

A

Rostral aka Anterior

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18
Q

What is the term for towards the middle of the brain

A

medial (towards the middle)

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19
Q

what is the term for towards the outside of the brain

A

lateral (towards the side)

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20
Q

What are the three different planes of dissection

A

Saggital
Horizontal
Coronal

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21
Q

how does the Saggital plane dissect the brain

A

it divides it into right and left pieces

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22
Q

How does the Horizontal plane dissect the brain

A

it divides the brain into top and bottom pieces

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23
Q

How does the Coronal (aka frontal) plane dissect the brain

A

cuts off slices like bread (cutting off the tip of the nose)

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24
Q

What is the viscera

A

the guts - extends from the larynx to the bowels

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25
Q

What are the two main kinds of cells in the brain

A

neurons

glial cells

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26
Q

these brain cells are nerve cells that are extremely greedy and need more than their fair share of oxygen, glucose, nutrients, etc.

A

neurons

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27
Q

these brain cells are more numerous they are the “crew” or helper cells that are all about serving and they comprise about 90% of the brain

A

glial cells

28
Q

which brain cells need servicing and which brain cells do the servicing

A

neurons need helpers

glial cells are the helpers 10 glial cells for every 1 neuron

29
Q

What are the 7 parts of the neuron that make up the whole? (CB, D, AH, A, NofR, MS, AT)

A 
cell body
dendrites
axon hillock
axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
Axon terminal
30
Q

This part of the neuron is the heart of the neuron and is also known as Soma

A

Cell Body

31
Q

This part of the neuron is branches that reach out to connect with other neurons to receive messages. They physically change day-to-day and in a healthy brain, they continue to grow and make connections.

A

Dendrites

32
Q

This part of the neuron is the juncture where the cell body meets the axon

A

Axon Hillock

33
Q

What happens at the Axon Hillock

A

the neural message starts and its role is to decide whether the neuron should fire and send the bioelectrical message down the axon or not.

34
Q

This part of the neuron is the 1-3 ft. long tube that the message is sent along

A

Axon

35
Q

This part of the neuron is responsible for releasing chemical messages into the tiny synaptic cleft where they can be received by the receptor sites in the dendrites

A

Axon Terminal

36
Q

what happens to the electrical message when it reaches the axon terminal

A

neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft where they can enter into receptor sites on the next neuron

37
Q

How do you explain the key and lock analogy when it comes to neuron activity

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft by the axon terminal, they must enter the next neuron through the correct receptor site like a key in a lock, specific neurotransmitters can only connect with the correct receptor site that fits.

38
Q

What is the name of the bioelectrical charge that is being sent down the axon

A

the action potential

39
Q

What is the name that describes the neuron when it is not firing

A

the resting potential

40
Q

which comes first the action potential or the resting potential

A

the resting potential (like a default setting)

41
Q

what is the charge inside the axon during the resting potential

A

-60 mV millivolts

42
Q

how is the negative charge maintained in the axon during the resting potential

A

through the Sodium (Na+) / Potassium (K+) pump

43
Q

what is the rule for the Sodium / Potassium pumps

A

3 Sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pulled in

44
Q

what is the symbol for Sodium

A

Na+

45
Q

what is the symbol for potassium

A

K+

46
Q

How does sodium and potassium move in and out of the axon

A

through ion channels

47
Q

Why is the charge always negative during the resting potential

A

Because the potassium pumps keep it that way by removing 3 positive ions and pulling in only 2 positive ions this means overall -1

48
Q

What is another name for the sodium/potassium pump

A

sodium/potassium trasnsporter

49
Q

what are the two physical forces at work during the resting potential

A

electrostatic pressure

diffusion

50
Q

this physical force causes sodium to want to get inside the axon because sodium is positive and the inside of the axon is negative

A

electrostatic pressure

51
Q

this physical force causes sodium to want to get inside the axon because there is more sodium outside the axon than inside the axon

A

diffusion - ion wants to distribute itself equally

52
Q

In the case of sodium ions are the two forces working together or against each other during the resting potential

A

they are both working together to cause the sodium to want to get inside the axon

53
Q

where is there lots of sodium

A

extracellular fluid outside of the axon

54
Q

where is there less sodium

A

the intracellular fluid inside the axon

55
Q

what is the difference between the sodium and potassium channels during the resting period

A

sodium ion channels are closed while potassium ion channels stay open

56
Q

what is the basic premise of the force of electrostatic pressure

A

opposite charge attract - positive and negative are drawn to each other while two positives or two negatives repel each other

57
Q

what is the basic premise of the force of diffusion

A

ions want to distribute themselves equally in a medium

58
Q

In the case of potassium ions are the two forces working together or against each other during the resting potential

A

they are working against each other

59
Q

what does electrostatic pressure tell the potassium ions to do during the resting potential

A

electrostatic pressure is telling the potassium ions to stay in the axon because potassium is positive and the charge in the axon is negative during the resting potential

60
Q

what does diffusion tell the potassium ions to do during the resting potential

A

diffusion tells the potassium ions to go out into the extracellular fluid because there is less of it out there

61
Q

where is there more potassium during the resting potential

A

intracellular fluid

62
Q

where is there less potassium during the resting potential

A

extracellular fluid

63
Q

what is the desire of the sodium (Na+) ions during the resting potential

A

I want to get inside the axon!

64
Q

what is the desire of the potassium (K+) ions during the resting potential

A

I kind of want to go out but I kind of want to stay in as well, I don’t really know what I want to do.

65
Q

Do the two forces of electrostatic pressure and diffusion affect the sodium/ion pumps?

A

No, they work on the ion channels

BioPsych (3 decks)

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