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Biochemistry > Module 08: Polysaccharides > Flashcards

Module 08: Polysaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

These are formed by the condensation of n molecules of monosaccharides with the removal of n-1 molecules of water

A

Polysaccharides

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2
Q

How are Polysaccharides formed?

A

condensation of n molecules of monosaccharides with the removal of n-1 molecules of water.

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3
Q

Why are Polysaccharides non-reducing?

A

Because condensation involves the carbonyl groups of the sugars, leaving only one free carbonyl group at the end of a big molecule

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4
Q

Structurally, Polysaccharides can be what?

A

unbranched (linear) or branched molecules.

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5
Q

What are the two (2) types of Polysaccharides?

A

(1) Homopolysaccharides
(2) Heteropolysaccharides

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6
Q

What are some examples of Homopolysaccharides?

A

(1) Starch
(2) Glycogen
(3) Cellulose

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7
Q

What are some examples of Heteropolysaccharides ?

A

(1) glycosaminoglycans,
(2) glycoproteins

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8
Q

These polysaccharides contain one sugar type

A

Homopolysaccharides

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9
Q

These polysaccharides contain more than
one sugar type

A

Heteropolysaccharides

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10
Q

Why do polysaccharides give off a negative result in Tollen’s and Benedict’s solutions?

A

they are not sweet and have limited water solubility

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11
Q

What are some functions of Homopolysaccharides?

A

(1) Storage
(2) Structural Elements

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12
Q

This Homopolysaccharides is used as a storage in plants.

A

Starch

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13
Q

This Homopolysaccharides is used as a storage in animals.

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

This Homopolysaccharides is used as a structural element in the plants cell wall.

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

This Homopolysaccharides is used as a structural element in the animal exoskeleton.

A

Chitin

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16
Q

What are some functions of Heteropolysaccharides:?

A

(1) Extracellular support

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17
Q

This Heteropolysaccharides functions as an extracellular support for the bacteria cell envelope

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

This is a storage polysaccharide is a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an energy source in cells (plants).

A

Starch

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19
Q

What is the monomeric unit of starch?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

This is a straight chain polymer with a (1  4) glycosidic bonds

A

Amylose

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21
Q

How much starch does amylose contain?

A

15 - 20% of the starch

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22
Q

What is the molecular mass of starch?

A

50,000 (up to 1000 glucose units)

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23
Q

This form of starch is a branched chain polymer.

A

Amylopectin

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24
Q

When can Amylopectin contain 80% to 85% of starch?

A

a (14) glycosidic bond for straight chain and a (16) for branch

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25
Q

What is the molecular mass of amylopectin?

A

300,000 (up to 100,000 glucose units) - higher than amylose

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26
Q

What can humans hydrolyze?

A

Human can hydrolyze alpha linkage but not beta linkage

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27
Q

This storage polysaccharides function as storage for humans and animals and contains only glucose units.

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

Branched chain polymer – a (14) glycosidic bonds in straight chains and a (16) in branches (Three times more highly branched than amylopectin in starch)

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29
Q

What is the molecular mass of glycogen?

A

3,000,000 (up to 1,000,000 glucose units)

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30
Q

Excess glucose in blood stored in the form of _____________.

A

glycogen

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31
Q

What is the process of converting glucose to glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

32
Q

What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

33
Q

This is a linear Homopolysaccharides with b (1  4) glycosidic bond that serves as dietary fiber in food– readily absorbs water and results in softer stools

A

Cellulose

34
Q

How many glucose units does cellulose contain?

A

5000 glucose units with molecular mass of 900,000

35
Q

Why can’t animals and humans digest cellulose?

A

Humans don’t have enzymes that hydrolyze b (1  4) - so humans can not digest cellulose – animals also lack these enzymes but they can digest cellulose because they have bacteria in their guts to hydrolyze cellulose

36
Q

How much cellulose is in cotton?

A

95%

37
Q

How much cellulose is in wood?

A

50%

38
Q

How much cellulose dietary fiber is desired everyday?

A

20 - 35 g

39
Q

What is the structure of chitin?

A

Linear polymer with all b (14) glycosidic linkages - it has a N-acetyl amino derivative of glucose

40
Q

What is the function of chitin?

A

Function is to give rigidity to the exoskeleton s of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods

41
Q

This is the most abundant natural polymer on earth and accounts for over half of the carbon in the biosphere

A

Cellulose

42
Q

What comprises chitin?

A

(1) N-Acetylglucosamine

43
Q

What are the 2 components of starch

A

2 components: Amylose (linear polymer) and Amylopectin (branched polymer)

44
Q

This is the principal energy source of plants and is deposited in the chloroplasts in the form of insoluble granule

A

Starch

45
Q

What does the helical conformation of amylose in starch do?

A

Helical conformation of amylose in starch is responsible for the blue-black colored complex with iodine solution

46
Q

Why does amylose have a helical conformation?

A

Helical conformation because of the nature of the a (1 4) bond

47
Q

Explain the structure of amylopectin?

A

Up to 106 molecules of glucose residues
mainly a(1 4),but has branched molecules via a(1 6) every 24-30 glucose residues.

48
Q

In terms of the digestion of starch, this randomly hydrolyses the a(1 4) bonds but can not act on a(1–>6)

A

Saliva: amylase

49
Q

In terms of the digestion of starch, this is a mixture of disaccharides (maltose) and trisaccharides (maltotriose), and oligosaccharides (dextrins) containing the a(1,6) branches (hydrolyzed by a-glucosidases and a debranching enzyme).

A

Small Intestine: pancreatic amylase

50
Q

This is the storage polysaccharide of animals (skeletal muscle and liver). It structurally it resembles Amylopectin, but is more branched

A

Glycogen

51
Q

How is glycogen degraded?

A
  1. glycogen phosphorylase (cleaves the  (1  4) bonds)
  2. glycogen debranching enzyme (cleaves the  (1 6) bonds).
52
Q

These are polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group.

A

Acidic polysaccharides

53
Q

These are present in connective tissue associated with joints, cartilage, synovial fluids in animals and humans

A

Structural polysaccharide

54
Q

What is the primary function of structural polysaccharide?

A

(1) Primary function is lubrication necessary for joint movement
(3) These are Heteropolysaccharides - have more than one type of monosaccharide monomers is present.

55
Q

This is highly viscous and serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part vitreous humor of the eye.

A

Hyaluronic acid

56
Q

How is Hyaluronic acid composed?

A

Alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.

57
Q

This is an anticoagulant-prevents blood clots.

A

Heparin

58
Q

How many disaccharide residues per chain comprises heparin?

A

15–90 disaccharide residues per chain.

59
Q

This is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.

A

glycolipid

60
Q

This is a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.

A

glycoprotein

61
Q

Foods high in carbs content constitute over _____of the diet of most people of the world

A

50%

62
Q

a balanced dietary food should contain about _____of carbohydrate:

A

60%

63
Q

These are dietary monosaccharides or disaccharides - sweet to taste commonly referred to as sugars - 20 % of the energy in the US die

A

Simple carbohydrates

64
Q

These are Dietary polysaccharides constituted of starch and cellulose and is normally not sweet to taste

A

Complex carbohydrates

65
Q

How is glycemic effect classified?

A

how quickly carbs are digested
how high blood glucose rise
how quickly blood glucose levels return to normal

66
Q

This has been developed for rating foods

A

Glycemic index (GI)

67
Q

These are Polysaccharide that make up the bacterial cell walls.

A

Peptidoglycans

68
Q

What is the structure of Peptidoglycans?

A

It is composed of amino sugars forming the glycan strand and cross-linked polypeptides and alternating amino sugars are NAG and NAM

69
Q

What is the function of Peptidoglycans?

A

The peptidoglycan layer is responsible for reacting with crystal violet with gram (+) bacteria

70
Q

This is a linear chain of alternating N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

A

Murein

71
Q

What does each N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).bear in peptidoglycans?

A

Each NAM bears a tetrapeptide composed of alternating L and D amino acids.

72
Q

These are cross linked into sheets by bonds between the tetrapeptides.

A

Adjacent glycan chains

73
Q

These are polymers of ribose or glycerol

A

Teichonic acids

74
Q

the gram negative cell wall is composed of what?

A

Bilayer with usual phospholipids in the inner leaflet but with LPS on the outer leaflet, Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen polysaccharide side chains.

75
Q

These are toxic antigenic determinants in the the gram negative cell wall

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

76
Q

A group of important membrane bound oligosaccharides found on the surface of RBCs

A

Blood Group Antigens or ABO Antigens

77
Q

What happens when individuals are infused with blood with a different antigen?

A

The oligosaccharide chain elicit an Ab response causing agglutination of the blood

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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