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BIOETHICS > Module 03: Morality of Human Acts and the Principle of Double Effect > Flashcards

Module 03: Morality of Human Acts and the Principle of Double Effect Flashcards

1
Q

These are the acts that are freely chosen in consequence of a judgment of conscience. This can be morally evaluated whether they are either good or evil.

A

Human Acts

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2
Q

A moral act depends on what…

A

On whether or not there is consent by the will.

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3
Q

Human acts include what:

A

(A) Thought
(B) Speech
(C) Action

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4
Q

What are the elements of the human acts?

A

(A) Knowing
(B) Free
(C) Voluntary

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5
Q

This is defined as the act doing something freely implies that there are no external constraints, pressures, or obligations influencing the action.

A

Free

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6
Q

What does freedom mean?

A

It emphasizes the absence of coercion and the presence of complete freedom to act as one wishes. When someone does something freely, it suggests they have full autonomy and are not hindered or restricted by any external factors.

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7
Q

This is defined as the act doing something voluntarily means that the action is done by choice, often with willingness or consent.

A

Voluntary

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8
Q

What does voluntary emphasize?

A

It emphasizes the internal motivation or decision to act, rather than external freedom from constraints.

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9
Q

This is defined as the act without knowledge and consent. This is not dependent on intellect and will.

A

Acts of man

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10
Q

Acts of man can what?

A

(A) Unconscious
(B) Involuntary
(C) Semi-deliberate
(D) Spontaneous

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11
Q

Characterize involuntary.

A

Automatic, you cannot decide when to do it or stop it once it starts e.g. sneezing is a reflex action that occurs without conscious control in response to an irritant in the nose

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12
Q

The acts of man can be characterized as what?

A

Not morally accountable

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13
Q

Give examples on the acts of man.

A

(A) Acts of persons asleep or under hypnosis
(B) Reflex actions where the will has no time to intervene
(C) Acts performed under serious physical violence e.g. a hostage obliged to do an evil action
(D) Since the will is constrained, then it is not a moral act which could be evaluated

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14
Q

Give examples of human acts.

A

(A) Looking
(B) Listening

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15
Q

Give examples of acts of man.

A

(A) Seeing
(B) Hearing

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16
Q

Morality is not concerned about what?

A

(A) Usefulness
(B) Practicality
(C) Pleasure

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17
Q

Morality pertains to what?

A

Pertains to the goodness or badness of an action

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18
Q

How will you delineate good (explain the notion of goodness)?

A

A thing is good if it serves the purpose for which it was made

Example:
A well maintained car: driving smoothly and efficiently on the road, indicating that it serves its purpose of reliable transportation.

19
Q

These are characterized to affect the moral quality of every human act either good or evil.

A

Three moral determinants

20
Q

What are the three (3) moral determinants?

A

(A) Object
(B) Intention or Motive
(C) Circumstances

21
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants this is known as the deed itself, the primary moral determinant.

A

Object

22
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, morality depends on what?

A

Morality depends primarily and fundamentally on the object, rationally chosen by the deliberate will. It answers the question, what?

23
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, object answers the question?

A

WHAT?

24
Q

What are the three (3) categories under object ( the three (3) moral determinants)?

A

(A) Intrinsically evil- ex: Voluntarily killing an innocent life
(B) Intrinsically good- ex: Voluntarily saving someone’s life
(C) Neutral- ex: reading

25
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, this is known as the reason why the act is performed.

A

Intention or Motive

26
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, explain the intention or motive.

A

This resides in the subject. This is characterized as the movement of will towards the end. A person is first moved by some motive or end.

27
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, the intention or motive answers the question?

A

WHY?

28
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, these are defined as the situations or settings of human acts makes each one absolutely unique and unrepeatable.

A

Circumstances

29
Q

Under the three (3) moral determinants, explain the circumstances.

A

The circumstances are those factors or conditions that contribute to increase or diminish the goodness or evil of an action. These are something outside the substance of the act yet in a way touching it.

30
Q

Explain the 5th Principle.

A

Circumstances make hypothetical indifferent acts (neutral moral objects) good or evil in real life.

31
Q

What are the impediments to free will?

A

(A) Violence
(B) Fear
(C) Concupiscence
(D) Ignorance

32
Q

This impediment to free will is characterized as the physical force that compels one to permit what he does not will to do.

A

Violence

33
Q

This impediment to free will is characterized as the aversion to threatened future evil.

A

Fear

34
Q

This impediment to free will is characterized as the disorderly desire for emotional and bodily pleasure.

A

Concupiscence

35
Q

This impediment to free will is characterized as the lack of knowledge in a person who should possess such knowledge.

A

Ignorance

36
Q

What makes a morally good act?

A

(A) Good object
(B) Good intention
(C) Good circumstances

37
Q

Explain error.

A

Judging morality of human acts by considering only the INTENTION or CIRCUMSTANCES

38
Q

This delineates that a good action results from which two effects flow.

A

Principle of double effect (one bad, and the other good)

39
Q

Explain the first condition of the principle of double effect.

A

The intended act must be good in itself. The intended act may not be morally evil.

40
Q

Explain the second condition of the principle of double effect.

A

The agent must have a right intention, that is he or she must desire the good effect.

41
Q

Explain the third condition of the principle of double effect.

A

(A) Good effect myst be immediately produced directly by the action or at least be simultaneous with the bad effect.
(B) First effect must be good or at least equal with the evil effect.
(C) The good effect must not result from the bad effect.

42
Q

Explain the fourth condition of the principle of double effect.

A

There must be proportionately grave reason to justify the evil effect.

43
Q

This denotes the acts that have morally negative effects are permissible only when truly necessary, i.e., when there are no other means by which the good may be obtained.

A

Principle of Necessity

BIOETHICS (3 decks)

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