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BIOETHICS > Module 02: The Human Person > Flashcards

Module 02: The Human Person Flashcards

1
Q

How should humans be treated based on its anthropological vision?

A

(1) Human body cannot be treated as a mere complex of tissues organs and functions.
(2) Nor can it be evaluated in the same way as the body of animals.
(3) It is a constitutive part of the person who manifests and expresses himself through it.

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2
Q

Based on the anthropological vision of the human person, these are perceived to be substantially united.

A

(1) Corporal (body)
(2) Spiritual (soul)

The nature of the human person is considered to be a unified totality.

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3
Q

Enumerate the hierarchy in the scale of life from most important to the least important.

A

(1) Living (Humans and animals are of sensitive life equipped with external and internal senses while humans and plans are of vegetative life aided by nutrition growth and reproduction).
(2) Non living

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4
Q

According to him, a human individual is a person capable of self-awareness, self-possession and self giving.

A

Karol Wojtyla

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5
Q

According to him, a human is perceived to be an individual gifted with intellect and free will.

A

Thomas Aquinas

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6
Q

According to him, a human is perceived to be an individual substance with rational nature.

A

Boethius

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7
Q

According to him, the human person is perceived to be a rational animal.

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

This is the most noble of all creatures since part of his being pertains to the animal world. He participates in its blessings and limitations, undergoes biological development and has instincts and senses, etc.

A

Man

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9
Q

What makes man different from the animal world?

A

Because another aspect of that same being transcends the material world and is independent from it.

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10
Q

What makes the human body (matter) different from the spiritual soul (spirit)?

A

(A) Compose of parts
(B) Acts in a bodily way
(C) Can be changed and be destroyed
(D) Can lose identity

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11
Q

What makes the spiritual soul (spirit) different from the human body (matter)?

A

(A) Does not have parts
(B) Man’s thinking activity
(C) Cannot be destroyed
(D) Cannot lose identity

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12
Q

What constitutes man?

A

The human person is a living being composed of matter and spirit body and soul, wherein the human soul is composed of both intellect and free will.

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12
Q

Who is more superior the soul or the body?

A

The soul with its intellect and free will is superior to the body. The substantial union of body and soul constitute of one being, individual, or person.

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13
Q

How should the human body be treated?

A

The human body cannot be reduced to a mere complex of tissues, organs, and functions, nor can it be equated to an animal body.

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14
Q

This is known as a special gift for discerning what is right and wrong. It is characterized as a judgement or dictate of the practical intellect and decides from general principles.

A

Conscience (Decides the goodness or evil of some act, which is to be done here and now or has been done)

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15
Q

What is conscience?

A

(A) A judgement of reason, recognizing the moral quality of a concrete act.
(B) Enjoins him at the appropriate moment to do good and avoid evil.

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16
Q

How does a person act or decide with conscience?

A

Judges particular choices, approving those that are good and denouncing those that are evil

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17
Q

This refers to a conscience that accurately judges moral truths according to objective ethical standards. It is a well formed conscience that aligns with genuine moral principles and the teaching of the Church or a particular moral framework.

A

True Conscience

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18
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Dianne is faced with a decision about whether to report a colleague who is engaging in unethical behavior. His conscience is well formed and guided by an understanding of moral principle and teachings of his faith. She recognizes that reporting the behavior is the right thing to do to maintain integrity and justice, despite potential personal or professional repercussions.

A

True Conscience

Her true conscience helps her make a decision that aligns with objective moral standards and the teachings of her faith, ensuring that her actions are both ethically sound and consistent with her moral values.

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19
Q

This conscience is one that judges what is truly right or wrong. This type of conscience leads to a person to make moral decisions that are not aligned with objective moral truths, even if the person believes they are acting correctly.

A

Erroneous Conscience

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20
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Jane believes that it is acceptable to engage in dishonest practices in her business dealings because she has been influenced by a corrupt environment and faulty advice.

A

Erroneous Conscience (This highlights the importance of continually seeking to correct and inform one’s conscience through study, reflection and guidance)

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21
Q

Under this conscience, imagine someone who has grown up in a small isolated community where they have never been exposed to the concept of different cultures or religions outside their own. They hold beliefs that are based on their limited perspective and they genuinely cannot access broader information.

A

Invincible ignorance (Their ignorance about other cultures or religions is considered invincible because they have no practical means to learn otherwise)

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22
Q

What are the different types of conscience?

A

Conscience is what motivates a person to take responsibility for the good and the evil he has done.

(A) True or right
(B) Erroneous or false
(1) Invincible ignorance
(2) Vincible ignorance

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23
Q

This type of ignorance refers to the lack of knowledge that cannot be overcome.

A

Invincible ignorance

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24
Q

This type of ignorance refers to the lack of knowledge that could be overcome.

A

Vincible ignorance

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25
Q

This type of ignorance refers to the lack of knowledge that a person could overcome if they made reasonable effort to acquire necessary information. In moral theory, this is often discussed in contrast to invincible ignorance, which is a lack of knowledge that a person cannot be reasonably expected to overcome to circumstances beyond their control.

A

Vincible ignorance

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25
Q

This type of conscience refers to the conscience that is clear and unambiguous about what is morally right or wrong in a particular situation. When someone has this, they are confident in their moral judgements and feel a strong sense of clarity about their decisions.

A

Certain conscience

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26
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Maria is asked by a friend to lie about their whereabouts to protect the friend from getting into trouble. Maria’s conscience is certain that lying is wrong and that honesty is the right course of action.

A

Certain conscience

27
Q

This type of conscience refers to a situation where a person’s judgement about what is morally right or wrong is based on reasonable though not certain grounds. In other words, someone with this, believes that their decision or action is likely correct based on the information and reasoning they have but they might still have some doubts or lack of absolute certainty.

A

Probable conscience

28
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

John is considering donating a large sum of money to a charity but is unsure it its the most effective use of his resources. Based on his research and moral beliefs, he believes it is a good choice, though he is open to the possibility that there might be better ways to contribute.

A

Probable conscience

29
Q

This type of conscience occurs when a person is uncertain about whether an action is morally right or wrong. The uncertainty can stem from the lack of clear information, conflicting opinions, or insufficient understanding of moral principles. When faces with this, a person might struggle to determine the right course of action and might feel conflicted or uneasy about their decision.

A

Doubtful conscience

30
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Emily is contemplating whether to act a gift from a colleague as she perceives it may be a bribe or a genuine present.

A

Doubtful conscience

31
Q

This conscience refers to a taste where a person is deeply confused or troubled about a moral decision or ethical issue, often because of conflicting information or strong internal disagreements.

A

Perplexed conscience

32
Q

This type of conscience is characterized by a profound sense of being at a loss, making it difficult to discern the right course of action.

A

Perplexed conscience

33
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Tom faces a dilemma where his job requires him to make decisions that he feels might negatively impact the environment. He is confused because he values both his job and environmental stewardship but is unsure how to reconcile these conflicting responsibilities. He feels torn and unable to find a clear path forward, so he seeks extensive guidance and reflection to address his confusion.

A

Perplexed conscience

34
Q

This type of conscience is one that is overly concerned with moral perfection is plagued by excessive worry about committing sins or making moral errors. People with this often experience intense anxiety and doubt about their actions even their behavior aligns with moral teachings,

A

Scrupulous conscience

35
Q

Identify which moral conscience is being described based on the scenario given.

Sarah is deeply troubled by a minor mistake she made at work, such as accidentally sending an email with a typo. She fears that this small error might be a serious moral failing or could be interpreted as a sign of incompetence or negligence.

A

Scrupulous conscience

36
Q

How should you act with conscience?

A

Always act with true and certain conscience, form your conscience.

37
Q

How should you form your conscience?

A

(1) Study and understanding
(2) Prayer and reflection
(3) Examination of conscience
(4) Consultation with spiritual advisors

38
Q

How does studying and understanding help in forming your conscience?

A

Engage with moral teachings, ethical principles, and Church doctrine. This involves understanding the teachings of the church, the moral law, and the principles of natural law. The catechism of the catholic church and writings from the church fathers and saints can be valuable resources.

39
Q

How does prayer and reflection help in forming your conscience?

A

Regular prayer and reflection help in discerning God’s will and developing a sensitive and informed conscience. This includes seeking guidance from the Holy Spirit and asking for wisdom in making moral decisions.

40
Q

How does examination of your conscience help in forming your conscience?

A

Regularly examine your own conscience to reflect on your actions and attitudes. This helps in identifying areas where your conscience may be in need of further formation or correction.

41
Q

How does consultation with spiritual advisors help in forming your conscience?

A

Seek guidance from spiritual directors, confessors, or knowledgeable mentors. They can provide insights and feedback based on their experience and understanding of Church teachings.

42
Q

What are the four (4) Kinds of law?

A

(A) Eternal Law
(B) Natural Law
(C) Divine Law
(D) Human Law

43
Q

This kind of law is characterized as the plan of government of the Chief governor. It is a type of Divine Wisdom (God’s providence) moving all things to their end.

A

Eternal Law (All true law finds its first and ultimate truth in the eternal law)

44
Q

These types of creatures obey God’s providence by their instinct or forces of nature.

A

Irrational Creatures

45
Q

These types of creatures obey God and the Eternal Law voluntarily.

A

Rational creatures

46
Q

This type of law is characterized as the story of how things work. This is established upon physical sphere (visible or easy to understand) and the moral sphere (inscribed in the nature of man). These is like a set of manufacturer’s direction.

A

Natural Law (everything has a law built into its nature example. Rock will sink if you throw it into the pond because of the law of gravity)

Every law has a law giver (Creator or God)

47
Q

What does natural law provide?

A

(1) Provides as a guide without explicit revelation
(2) Provides an objective standard of what is right or wrong

48
Q

What is the objective wrong of the natural law?

A

Not in keeping with manufacturer’s instructions

49
Q

The natural law is described to be what?

A

(A) Foundation of all morality
(B) Universal
(C) Immutable

50
Q

Why is the natural law immutable?

A

20th century man insists that he is quite different from his medieval counterpart. Thus, the norms that govern his life ought to be different. Man indeed has progressed. He is an intelligent being undergoing continuous formation.

But nature does not change. Man remains the same with the passing time. The man who invented fire or the wheel is the same. Love loyalty veracity hatred treason deception are attitudes constantly found in human nature.

Thus, the natural law, in itself, does not change but what may change are the conditions.

51
Q

The natural law is used to what?

A

(A) Guide to individual conduct
(B) Serves as a standard for laws enacted by the state
(C) Standard for state and citizens

It is explicitly revealed in the 10 commandments. It is the first evident principle, good is to be done and evil is to be avoided.

52
Q

The Natural Law aims to what

A

(1) Seek goof including the highest good (GOD)
(2) Preserve himself in existence
(3) To preserve the species
(4) To live in community with other men
(5) To use his intellect and will to know the truth and make his own decisions

53
Q

This kind of law covers the revelation including the old and new testament, positive law and the law of Christ.

A

Divine Law

54
Q

What are the two (2) types of human law?

A

(A) Canon law and civil law
(B) Church and state

(Let every person be subject to the governing authority. We must obey God rather than men)

55
Q

This type of law servers as a model for good human laws that promote the common good family and suppression of the grossest vices.

A

Natural law

56
Q

What happens to a human law that does not comport with natural law?

A

Any human law that does not comport with natural law is not a law but an act of tyranny that does not bind in conscience.

57
Q

When is a government considered tyrannical?

A

A government is tyrannical if it promulgates law contrary to the natural law regardless of the form of government, Tyrant state when fundamental rights defined by natural law, are subject to vote or decision of a court.

58
Q

This is characterized as not the power to do what we life but a human person is still characterized to be free in his choices.

A

Freedom

59
Q

According to him, freedom is that property of the human will whereby man determines himself in his acts towards the end.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

60
Q

Why is man’s freedom limited?

A

Man determines himself, no force from outside himself that can determine him in his choices.

61
Q

This type of freedom is characterized as the freedom to perform operations externally, which can be curtailed by forces outside man (ex. political professional and academic).

A

Exterior freedom

62
Q

This refers to the basic freedom or power to act or not to act. It is the fundamental aspect of human freedom, where an individual has the ability to choose whether or not to engage in a particular action. For example, you have the freedom to decide whether to help someone in need or not. This freedom is essential for moral responsibility because it underpins the capacity to choose to act in a morally good or bad way.

A

Freedom of exercise

63
Q

This freedom involves the freedom to choose how to act or which particular action to take within a given context. After deciding how to act, this allows you to determine the specific nature of that action. For instance, if you decide to help someone, you then choose how to help by giving money, offering advice or physically assisting them.

A

Freedom of specification

64
Q

This type of freedom underlines the freedom of exercise and freedom of specification which cannot be lost or taken away.

A

Interior freedom

65
Q

This pertains to when man is stripped of his moral responsibility and guilt is transferred to another source (escapism).

A

Determinism

66
Q

Examples of determinism.

A

(1) Physiological - biochemistry
(2) Sociological - cultural values
(3) Economic - economic infrastructure
(4) Fatalistic - fate

BIOETHICS (3 decks)

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