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GLPH 271 > Module 03 - Global Burden of Disease > Flashcards

Module 03 - Global Burden of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MOA of HIV?

A

infects white blood cells (helper T cells) destroying them over time, ev entually causing AIDS

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2
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

spread from person to person via bodily fluids
- i.e. semen, vaginal fluids, blood, breast milk

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3
Q

How is HIV Treated?

A
  • typically treated using antitroviral therapy (ART): prolongs life & suppresses symptoms, does not cure
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4
Q

How is HIV Prevented?

A
  • single condom use
  • elimination of mother-to-child spread with ART during pregnancy & breastfeeding
  • testing & counselling services
  • harm reduction
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5
Q

What is the MOA of Tuberculosis?

A
  • usually attacks the lungs (pulmonary), but can also affect other parts of the body (extrapulmonary) including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract, and bones
  • latent TB (LTB) has M. tuberculosis bacteria in body but no symptoms; if left untreated, can develop into active TB
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6
Q

How is Tuberculosis Transmitted?

A
  • airborne: spread through air from person to person
  • coughing/sneezing: droplet nuceli containing M. tuberculosis are released
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7
Q

How is Tuberculosis treated & prevented?

A
  • LTB can be cured with antibiotics (3-4 months)
  • active TB: antibiotics for 6-9 months
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8
Q

What is the MOA of Malaria?

A

plasmodium enters bloodstream and infects RBCs, often causing them to burst

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A
  • headache, abdominal pain, chills, sweating, fever, shaking
  • can also cause seizures, anemia, jaundice, heart failure, kidney failure, coma death
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10
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

plasmodium is transmitted through mosquito bites that allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream

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11
Q

How is Malaria treated & prevented?

A

curable using anti-malarial drugs, preventable using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor sprays

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12
Q

What are the 3 main causes of Neonatal Death?

A
  1. Infections (i.e. leading to sepsis) - 36%
  2. Pre-term - 28%
  3. Birth Trauma - 23%
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13
Q

What are the 4 interventions for improving Neonatal Health?

A
  1. Prenatal visits
  2. Skills birth attendants
  3. Emergency care
  4. Postnatal care
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14
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A

disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

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15
Q

What is Cerebrovascular Heart Disease?

A

disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

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16
Q

What is Peripheral Arterial Disease?

A

disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

17
Q

What is Congenital Heart Disease?

A

malformaitons of heart structure existing at birth

18
Q

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria

19
Q

What are the 6 Global Cancer Prevention Strategies?

A
  1. Tobacco
  2. Obesity
  3. Alcohol
  4. Infections
  5. Carcinogens
  6. Radiation
20
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for tobacco?

A
  • raising tobacco taxes
  • requiring by law 100% smoke free environments in all indoor workplaces and public spapces
  • put health warnings on all tobacco packaging
  • establishin a national cessation program in health care facilities
21
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for obesity?

A
  • developing national dietary and physical activity guidleines
  • promoting public awareness campaigns about the links between cancer and obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity
22
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for alcohol?

A
  • raising public awareness, especially among young people, about alcohol related health risks, including cancer, using gender specific messaging
  • developing and implementing a national policy aimed at reducing the overall level of alcohol consumption
23
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for infections?

A
  • implementing universal immunization using one of the recommended immunization schedules
24
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for carcinogens?

A
  • stopping the use of asbestos
  • ensuring safe drinking water
  • identifying workers, workplaces, and worksites with exposure to carcinogens
25
Q

What are some global prevention strategies for radiation?

A
  • provide information about sources and effecrs of all types of radiation
  • ensure regular safety training of all radiation workers
  • promote UV risk awareness and UV protection actions
26
Q

What are the 3 transmission models for intergenerational trauma?

A
  1. Sociocultural Model
  2. Psychological Model
  3. Physiological Model
27
Q

What is the Sociocultural Model?

A
  • explains intergeneration trauma through parenting styles and exposure to environmental factors that may impact a child’s development
  • based on assumption that children are directly influences by the home environment they are raised in
28
Q

What is the Psychological Model?

A
  • explains intergenerational trauma based on the understanding that a child’s brain development can be significantly impacted if during the early years of development they are subjected to harsh conditions
29
Q

What is the Physiological Model?

A
  • explains intergenerational trauma through biological factors and predisposed genetic factors
  • when a child is subjected to excess levels of stress, there are abnormal levels of cortisol, dopamine, and serotonin, which may affect brain development
30
Q

What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals?

A
  1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
  2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
  3. Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women
  4. Reduce Child Mortality
  5. Improve Maternal Health
  6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
  7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
  8. A Global Partnership for Development
31
Q

What are some of the MDG successes?

A
  • decline in global poverty (more than half)
  • increased primary school net enrolment rate in developing regions
  • decline in the under-five mortality rate (more than half)
  • decline in maternal mortality rate
  • increase in number of girls attending school
  • elimination of gender disparity in school

GLPH 271 (4 decks)

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