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Bugs 101: Insect-Human Interactions > Module 02: The Business of Being an Insect Pt 1 > Flashcards

Module 02: The Business of Being an Insect Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are ventral plates of an insect called?

A

sternum (each individually)

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2
Q

what are dorsal plates of an insect called?

A

tergum (each individually)

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3
Q

what are lateral plates of an insect called?

A

pleuron (each individually)

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4
Q

what are the tergum also called on the thoracic region?

A

notum (each individually)

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5
Q

What are the purposes of antennae?

A

register/detect:
smells + tastes
movement
moisture
air currents
vibrations
heat
can also estimate flight speed

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6
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors found on insect heads?

A

pair of compound eyes
up to three ocelli

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7
Q

what are compound eyes made up of

A

multiple smaller ommatidia which capture individual images which are combined into one cohesive image

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8
Q

what are ommatidia? describe their structure

A

smaller parts making up compound eyes
contain lens + cone which focus light onto photoreceptor and pigment cells

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9
Q

what is the purpose of pigment cells?

A

adapt the photosensitivity of light to changing light conditions, adjust the amount of light entering the ommatidium

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10
Q

describe the structure of ocelli

A

transparent cuticle curved into a lens which focuses light onto a retina made of sensory cells

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11
Q

describe the purpose of the ocelli

A

usually not strong enough to pick up focused images
usually used to detect polarized light or changing light intensity

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12
Q

what are the four main structures f the mouthparts

A

labrum
mandibles
maxillae
labium

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13
Q

describe the labrum

A

outermost structure of mouthparts
cover that protects the other structures

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14
Q

describe the mandibles

A

posterior to labrum
used to cut, tear, and crush food, also as tools or weapons
armed with powerful muscles

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15
Q

describe the maxillae

A

posterior to mandibles
can assist in function of mandibles
used to position food closer to mandibles
palps on maxillae (and labium) allow insects to smell and taste food

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16
Q

describe the labium

A

ventral to maxillae
used along with maxillae to manipulate food
palps on labium (and maxillae) allow insects to smell and taste food

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17
Q

describe the palps

A

sensory structures found on the maxillae and labium that allow insects to smell and taste food
(maxillary palps, labial palps)

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18
Q

what are the four types of mouthparts used for liquid food?

A

piercing sucking mouthparts
siphoning mouthparts
sponging mouthparts
chewing-lapping mouthparts

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19
Q

describe piercing-sucking mouthparts

A

used to pierce animal/plant tissues and access fluids within
salivary glands produce secretions to help eat and digest food
paired with muscular sucking pumps in head

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20
Q

what species have piercing-sucking mouthparts?

A

all hemipterans
fleas
many diptera

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21
Q

describe siphoning mouthparts

A

use a proboscis to siphon liquids
proboscis - highly modified maxillae

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22
Q

what species have siphoning mouthparts?

A

only lepidoptera

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23
Q

describe sponging mouthparts

A

use a labellum covered in tiny grooves to uptake food by capillary action
some species have both cutting and sponging mouthparts

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24
Q

what species have sponging mouthparts?

A

some dipterans

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25
describe chewing-lapping mouthparts
'tongue' used to feed on nectar paired with mandibles used for construction, defense, and cutting through flower bases to get to nectar
26
what species use chewing-lapping mouthparts?
only bees
27
what are the three segments of the thorax
(head) prothorax mesothorax metathorax (abdomen)
28
where are the legs and wings found on an insect?
all on thorax prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax each have one pair of legs wings are only found on mesothorax and metathorax
29
how many segments are on the abdomen?
amount varies older species have more, more derived species have less
30
what are cerci
sensory appendages often found near posterior end of abdomen
31
what is the single tube of the insect digestive system called?
alimentary canal
32
how does the structure of the alimentary canal differ for different insects based on the type of food they eat? include explanation
solid food = wide, short, straight liquid food = long, narrow, convoluted - maximizes surface area in contact with liquid
33
how does the alimentary canal differ between insects who animals and insects who eat plants? explain.
plant feeding insects - eat high quantities of nutrient poor food so they have little need for high storage capacity -> short alimentary canal animal feeding insects - eat lower quantities of more nutrient rich food with limited availability - need a high storage capacity -> long alimentary canal
34
what additional characteristics do solid and liquid food eating insects have to help them digest their specific food type?
solid food eaters - inner cavity is lined with strong muscles and specialized membranes for protection liquid food eaters - mechanisms to remove excess water and concentrate nutrients
35
what are the three regions of the digestive system?
foregut midgut hindgut
36
what is the main purpose of the foregut?
food is ingested and physically broken down here can also have some temporary food storage
37
what is the main purpose of the midgut?
digestion and absorption of nutrients
38
what is the main purpose of the hindgut?
absorption of water, salts, and remaining nutrients
39
what happens in the pharynx? where is it located?
food becomes a bolus right after mouth in foregut
40
what happens in the crop? where is it located?
can be used for temporary food storage foregut, after esophagus
41
what is the proventriculus? where is it located?
structure in alimentary canal where food is broken down further by cuticular teeth found at furthest end of foregut, next to midgut
42
what are the gastric caeca? where are they located?
out pockets that increase surface area to maximize nutrient absorption found at anterior end of midgut, next to proventriculus
43
what is the peritrophic membrane? where is it located?
membrane that protects midgut from damage and is excreted with food found in midgut
44
what are the malphigian tubules?
tubules that remove waste products and maintain osmoregulation in posterior end of midgut
45
which parts of the alimentary canal have cuticular lining?
foregut and hindgut
46
what is the term for insect excretion?
frass waste released in highly concentrated uric acid
47
what are symbionts? what are some of their functions?
beneficial microorganisms hosted by an insect's body - help digest food, produce essential vitamins, detoxify poisons in alimentary canal
48
how does and insect get symbionts?
passed from insect to insect from ingestion or passed down through vertical transmission or transovarial transmission
49
what is osmoregulation?
process by which insects maintain the balance between fluids and electrolytes in their bodies to prevent drying out
50
what is the fat body?
network of fatty tissue outside alimentary canal metabolizes large macromolecules essential for storage of nutrients
51
what is hemolymph? what are its two main components?
insect equivalent of blood liquid plasma and hemocytes
52
what does plasma do in hemolymph?
mediates chemical exchanges between tissues doesn't transport oxygen to tissues like blood does - no oxygen carrying pigments
53
what do hemocytes do in hemolymph?
main component of immune system some ingest foreign particles / microorganisms / dead cells others work together to encapsulate parasites coagulate to heal + protect injuries
54
what is the hemocoel?
main body cavity which contains hemolymph + organs
55
what is trehalose?
main blood sugar found in insects
56
where is the main vessel for hemolymph transfer located?
along dorsal side of body
57
what is the purpose of the dorsal and ventral diaphragms?
direct flow of hemolymph
58
what are ostia?
valves on dorsal vessel of insects which hemolymph goes into (one-way)
59
how does hemolymph get into appendages off of an insect's body?
pumps at bases of appendages move hemolymph in and out of them
60
how does the demand for oxygen within a certain tissue impact the structure of the gas exchange system in that area?
higher demand for oxygen = more tracheoles
61
how does air enter an insect's body?
holes called spiracles on edge of trachea connect to outside world can have filters and valves that open only for gas exchange to prevent entry of bad microorganisms/particles and water loss
62
where are spiracles typically located?
laterally along thorax and abdomen
63
how do the activity levels and size of an insect impact the volume of its gas exchange system
more active -> more body volume is taken up by the gas exchange system larger -> more body volume has to be taken up by the gas exchange system
64
what is the purposes of air sacs?
act as reservoirs aid in sound production can be compressed to make room for growth pre-mold
65
what is an open tracheal system? which insects have this?
when spiracles connect trachea to external environment generally had by terrestrial insects
66
what is an closed tracheal system? which insects have this?
no spiracles gas is exchanged through cuticle, which may be thinner in some areas had by some aquatic insects + parasitic larvae some have gills
67
what do gills look like on insects?
leaflike body extensions covered with a thin layer of cuticle and containing a network of trachea found in some aquatic insects + parasitic larvae with closed tracheal systems
68
true or false: water vapor is released in gas exchange
true
69
in what three schedules can spiracles be left open?
continuously cyclically discontinuously
70
what two factors determine an insect's rate of gas exchange?
diameter of trachea distance of diffusion (more important)
71
how do large insects keep distances between their spiracles and body tissues short?
long thin body plans help do this!!

Bugs 101: Insect-Human Interactions (3 decks)

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