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Module 01: History, Methods, and Paradigms > Module 01: History, Methods, and Paradigms > Flashcards

Module 01: History, Methods, and Paradigms Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

sensory info -> meaningful info

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2
Q

memory

A

storage facilities ad retrieval processes of cognition

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3
Q

pattern recognition

A

classifying stimulus into known category

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4
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge from individual’s own experience (blank slate)

learn through mental association

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4
Q

mental association

A

locke: two distinct ideas joined bc presented to individual at the same time

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5
Q

nativism

A

native ability, constitutional factors in learning, tendencies, biological capacities, ‘hard wired’ functions (ex STM)

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6
Q

willhelm wundt

A

structuralism

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7
Q

structuralism

A

essential units of mind to combine mental phenomena

conscious thought form combo of sensation

basic elements -> perceptual experience

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8
Q

4 parts of sensation

A

mode (visual, tactile, etc), quality (shape, colour, etc), intensity, duration

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9
Q

who was the first person to conduct controlled experiments with children

A

james baldwin

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10
Q

who came up with introspection idea

A

james baldwin

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11
Q

functionalism

A

william james

mind works bc of functions and purpose of various operations

habits are inevitable and powerful

study phenomena in real life situations

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12
Q

what theory does functionalism use

A

dawinian evolutionary theory

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13
Q

what are two types of conditioning in behaviourism

A

classical conditioning — Ivan Pavlov

intsrumental conditioning – Edward Thorndike

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14
Q

what did b.f. skinner do

A

relationship between behaviour and stimuli

reinforcement

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15
Q

john watson

A

believed that mental phenomena is reducible to behavioural and physiological responses

16
Q

who found that rats in a maze show goals (guided behaviour) and have mental images/representations

A

edward tolman

17
Q

gestalt psychology

A

psychological phenomena not reduced to simple elements but have to be studied in their entirety

perceptual experience -> basic elements

18
Q

what are the 5 principles of gestalt psychology

A

proximity

similarity

continuity

closure

connectedness

19
Q

what was the cognitive revolution

A

new series of psychological investigations that rejected behaviourist assumptions

included:
human factors engineering
linguistics
neuroscience
computers and ai

20
Q

explain human factors engineering (cognitive revolution)

A

in war, military personnel trained to operate complicated equipment

the person-machine system: machinery must align with operator’s physical and cognitive abilities and limits

humans as limited-capacity processors of info (“communication channels”)

21
Q

explain linguistics in cognitive revolution

A

noam chomsky – how we acquire, understand, and produce language could not be explained by behaviourism

there exists some sort of implicit systems of rules (generative grammer)

22
Q

neuroscience in cognitive revolution

A

idea of localization of function: neural structures in specific brain areas to support function

donald hebb – some functions (like visual perceptions) constructed over time, cell assembly

david hubel – visual cortex of cats specialized to respond to specific kinds of stimuli (vertical and horizontal line tests)

23
Q

computers and ai in cognitive revolution

A

alan turing

universal machines: math entities simple in nature but capable in solving logic problems

the computer metaphor: human cognitive abilities vs OS, both computer and human must store info and have storage facilities and processes for this

24
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

observer watching people in everyday circumstances (unobtrusive)

25
Q

advantages and disadvantages to naturalistic observation

A

advantage: ecological validity – things studied do really occur in real world, cognitive processes in natural setting

disadvantage: experimental control – no means of isolating different behaviours and must infer

26
Q

define introspection

A

observer observes their own mental processes and reports back

27
Q

advantages and disadvantages to introspection

A

advantage: give better insight into experience and factors that influenced it

disadvantage: bias, unwilling to admit flaws, demanding tasks leave little resources left to observe and record

28
Q

between subjects design vs within subjects design

A

between: different participants assigned to different experimental conditions and researcher looks for differences in performance for the two groups

within: exposes participants to >1 condition

29
Q

define quasi experiment

A

subjects assigned to groups based on non random criteria (sex, race, etc)

30
Q

what are the four paradigms of cognitive psychology

A

info processing approach

connectionist approach

evolutionary approach

ecological approach

31
Q

info processing approach

A

analogy between human cognition and computerized processing of info

cognition: info passing through a system (mind) to be processes and stored in specific places

cognitive abilities as “systems” of interrelated capacities

people are general purpose manipulators

info is store symbolically (way it is stored affects ease of use later)

rooted in structuralism

COGNITION OCCURS SERIALLY

32
Q

connectionist approach

A

derived from models depicting cognition as network of connections among processing units (compared to neurons)

sometimes called neural networks

each unit has some level of activiation

connections have 2 weights, positive (excite) or negative (inhibit)

COGNITIVE PROCESSES OCCUR IN PARALLEL

33
Q

evolutionary approach

A

human mind biological system evolved over generations

human mind responded to evolutionary pressures to adapt

Losmides and tooby – issues faced in passed are social (social contracts)
– good at cost/benefit reasoning

34
Q

evolutionary approach
think i actually meant ecological???

A

all cognitive abilities shaped by culture and context in which they occur

consider context of cognitive processes

Jean Larc – third grade arithmetic vs adult at grocery store

35
Q

who is sir francis galton

A

study of individual differences and human cognitive abilities

pressures of natural selection

found that people differ in ability to conjure up mental representations of objects

Module 01: History, Methods, and Paradigms (8 decks)

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