Module 01: Computer and Nursing Flashcards
What was the first digital computer and when was it developed?
Colossus Mark I, developed in 1943
What was the first general-purpose computer and when was it developed?
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), developed in 1946
What was the first commercial computer and when was it developed?
The UNIVAC-1 (Universal Automatic Compute), developed in 1951.
What was the main use of the UNIVAC-I, and what generation does it belong to?
The UNIVAC-I was used to process the payroll of General Electric and belongs to the first generation of computers.
What technology did first-generation computers use, and what was their access speed?
They used vacuum tubes, and their access speed was measured in milliseconds.
What was the storage capacity of first-generation computers?
Less than 10KB of storage.
When were second-generation computers developed, and what technology did they use?
Second-generation computers were developed in the 1950s and used transistors.
What are examples of second-generation computers?
IBM 1401 and IBM 1620.
What improvements were made in second-generation computers compared to the first generation?
Second-generation computers used smaller semiconductors, had improved access speeds measured in microseconds, and data retrieval became faster and easier.
During the time of second generation computers, what was used to measure access speed?
Microseconds
When were third-generation computers introduced, and what was their key feature?
They were introduced in the 1950s and featured microminiature technology.
What was the access speed of third-generation computers, and how much memory did they have?
heir speed was measured in nanoseconds (billionths), and they had only 110K of memory.
What storage limitation did third-generation computers have?
Hard disks were not encased, and data were fragile and easily destroyed.
When was the Intel 8008 introduced, and why is it significant?
November 1972, making personal computers or microcomputers possible.
What invention made personal computers possible?
The invention of the microchip.
Based on the characteristics of computers. this pertains that the computer can be self-instructed and performs tasks without needing constant human intervention.
Automatic
Based on the characteristics of computers, this refers to the fact that their components are made of silicon chips and other electronic materials.
Electronic
Based on the characteristics of computers, this describes the ability to be modified and programmed to suit various needs and tasks.
General Purpose
Based on the characteristics of computers, this pertains to the pace at which they process information.
Speed
Based on the characteristics of computers, this refers to their consistency in producing the same results given the same input and instructions.
Reliability
Based on the characteristics of computers, this pertains to their ability to store data for future access and retrieval.
Storage
What can computers do?
(A) Process information fast
(B) Give accurate results
(C) Store information
(D) Restore previous work
(E) Automatic
(F) Multitask
What are the things that computers cannot do?
(A) Do what you didn’t command
(B) Generate information on its own
(C) Distinguish correct and wrong data
(D) Correct wrong instruction
What type of computer is designed for complex scientific calculations, is expensive and bulky?
Supercomputers
What are the other roles of supercomputers?
(A) Use for calculating time continuum and physical concepts.
(B) Capable of handling complex tasks and is commonly used in scientific research.
What type of computer supports organizational information systems, has large storage capacity and is considered to be expensive as well?
Mainframe computers
How are mainframe computers utilized in hospitals?
In hospital they used mainframe computers to support their hospital information systems. The HIS contains all the data of all departments, clinics, patients that goes in and out ( record, billing, etc.) That’s why they use mainframe for large storage data. Usually connected to a server.
Which type of computer is designed for a single user, can connect to other users, and offers personalized capabilities?
Personal Computer (can be part of a mainframe computer)
Which type of computer is a smaller version of a mainframe, performs less complex processes, and is relatively expensive?
Minicomputer
What type of computer is capable of handling complex tasks and is commonly used in scientific research?
Supercomputer
Why are mainframe computers commonly used in hospitals?
They support hospital information systems (HIS) by storing and managing data for all departments, clinics, patients, records, and billing.
What type of computer is considered the portable and the more expensive version of the PC?
Laptop or Notebook
What type of computer is small and lightweight, accepts handwriting, and can access data from servers anywhere?
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
What type of computer is smaller than notebook computers, more expensive than laptops, and cannot receive transmissions in a dead zone?
Tablet Computers
Which type of computer combines text messaging, email, and other internet services with small keys and screens, functioning as a computer inside a telephone?
Hybrid or smartphones
How are Hybrid or smartphones characterized?
Smartphones are computer itself. Because the function of computer put inside the telephone.
What type of computer is an integral part of devices, has limited functionality, and performs specific functions within machines like mechanical ventilators or infusion pumps?
Embedded computer
Can you identify other devices that use embedded computers besides mechanical ventilators and infusion pumps?
Washing machines, microwave ovens, smart TVs, ATMs, and automotive control systems.
What makes smartphones classified as computers?
Smartphones function as computers because they integrate all the functionalities of a computer into a telephone device.
What are the positive impacts of computer to society?
(A) Productivity increase
(B) Information is shared easily
(C) Communication is now elaborate
(D) Data is stored and accessed easily
(E) Consistent output being produced
What are the negative impacts of computer to society?
(A) Increase unemployment
(B) Data privacy concerns
(C) Huge data can be sometimes lost
This is known as the field of applied computer science concerned with the processing of information such as nursing information (Nelson, 2013).
Nursing Informatics
What does the term “Nursing Informatics” (NI) originate from, and what does it refer to?
It originates from the French word “Informatics” and refers to the field of applied computer science concerned with processing nursing information.
What was the initial purpose of computers in healthcare facilities?
Computers were introduced to process basic administrative tasks in healthcare facilities.
It is an all-encompassing term referring to technology that captures, processes, and generates healthcare information.
“Health Information Technology” (HIT)
How has the computer revolution influenced today’s healthcare systems?
It has led to the development of health information technology (HIT) and electronic health record (EHR) systems.
Why is the computer considered an essential tool in healthcare delivery?
Because it facilitates the efficient capture, processing, and management of healthcare information.
Enumeration the milestones during the computerization of healthcare delivery.
(A) Provision and documentation of patient care.
(B) Education of health care providers.
(C) Scientific research for advancing healthcare delivery.
(D) Administration of health care delivery services.
(E) Reimbursement for patient care.
(F) Legal and ethical implications.
(G) Safety and quality issues.
Who were the two 19th century women?
Lady Ada Lovelace
Who is known as the first computer programmer, and what was her connection to Charles Babbage?
Lady Ada Lovelace (aka Ada Byron) is considered the first computer programmer, and she met Charles Babbage, the developer of the first computer.
She is considered the founder of modern nursing.
Florence Nightingale
What were the roles that Florence Nightingale played during the Crimean War?
During the Crimean War, she developed pie charts, used statistical analysis, and created forms for hospitals to generate data and statistics.
Why is Florence Nightingale considered an early informatics nurse?
Because of her use of statistics and data visualization techniques to improve healthcare practices, laying the foundation for informatics in nursing.
What happened in the 1950s and 1960s that impacted nursing practice and the use of computers in healthcare?
(A) Image of the nurses improved.
(B) Nurses practice grew in scope and complexity.
(C) Increase in number of professional nurses.
(D) Growth in computer industry.
What technologies were used in early computer applications in healthcare facilities?
Office functions were supported by technologies like paper tape, punch cards, and teletypewriters.
What major development occurred in healthcare facilities in the 1960s regarding nursing and communication?
(A) Increase in number of health care facility.
(B) Nurse are started to be considered the center of communication activities & information exchange
What was developed in the 1960s to support communication in healthcare, and how was email used?
Desktop terminals called CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes) were developed, and email was used starting in 1965.
What were the main uses of the Health Information System (HIS) in the 1960s and early 1970s?
HIS was mainly used for accounting, basic business functions, and finance.
During the 1970s, this became more integrated into the hospital system and included Management Information Systems (MIS) for statistical information, billing, and insurance reimbursement.
HIS
What was the Management Information Systems (MIS) utilized for?
(A) Statistical information
(B) Billing
(C) Insurance reimbursement
What technological developments occurred in the 1970s that impacted healthcare computing?
Chips and microprocessors were developed and introduced in 1971.
What significant event in medical informatics took place between 1980-1982?
The first international medical informatics Association Working Conference was held in London, England.
What major technology release occurred in 1985, and why was it significant for informatics?
The release of MS Windows 1 and the Intel 386 chip in 1985, which contributed to the growth of the informatics field.
What key developments were introduced with the Computer-Based Patient Record System (CPRS) and HIS?
HIS integrated documentation for
(A) Doctors; orders
(B) Lab results
(C) Nurses’ notes
(D) Vital signs (V/S)
(E) Discharge planning
(F) Kardex
What significant development in Nursing Informatics (NI) occurred in 1990?
Nursing Informatics (NI) was approved by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1992.
What advancements in computer technology occurred in the 1990s?
Computers became smaller, faster, and easier to use.
How did the internet impact clinical applications in healthcare during the 1990s?
The internet became a tool for clinical applications, aiding in information sharing and communication.
This is the focal point in nursing. Nurses are considered knowledge workers and are involved as data gatherers, information users, knowledge users, and knowledge builders.
Knowledge
When was Nursing Informatics largely unfamiliar in the Philippines nursing community, and when did it start gaining recognition?
Nursing Informatics was mostly unfamiliar in the nursing community up until 2007-2008 and was not yet recognized as a sub-discipline.
This was founded by pioneers and played a key role in the development of Nursing Informatics.
Philippine Medical Informatics Society (PMIS)
When was PIMA officially registered, and what was its initial composition?
PIMA was officially registered in 1996 and was initially composed of 11 physicians.
Who is the father of Health Informatics PHL?
Dr. Alvin Marcelo
What significant educational development in Nursing Informatics took place in 1998 in the Philippines?
Several faculty members of the University of the Philippines (UO) began formal education and training in Nursing Informatics.
He took a postdoctoral fellowship in medical informatics at the University of Washington.
Dr. Herman Tolentino
He trained at the National Library of Medicine.
Dr. Alvin Marcelo
He pursued a Master’s in Information Science at the University of Warwick.
Dr. Cito Maramba
When was the proposal for a course in Nursing Informatics (NI) at UP made?
The course in NI was proposed in 2003 at the University of the Philippines.
What academic programs were offered between 2005 and 2006 at the College of Arts & Science related to Health Informatics?
The College of Arts & Science offered a major in bioinformatics and a Master of Science in Health Informatics.
What initiative did the National Institute of Health – UP Manila undertake in 1999 regarding health promotion?
In 1999, the National Institute of Health – UP Manila formed a study group to identify international standards for health promotion and their adaptability to the Philippines.
This is a set of standards for health information in the Philippines, and Ms. Evelyn Protacio included the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) in the development group.
SHIP99
When was Nursing Informatics defined for undergraduate programs in the Philippines?
Nursing Informatics was defined for undergraduate programs by CMO#5 s. 2008.
How did the Nursing Informatics curriculum evolve in 2009, and when was it first implemented?
In 2009, Nursing Informatics was revised and included as Health Informatics in CMO#14, which was first implemented in the summer of 2010.
