Mods 23-26 Quiz Flashcards
Memory
persistence of learning overtime through storage & retrieval of information
3 Stages of Processing Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
1). ENCODING - processing info into memory system
2). STORAGE - retention of encoded info over time
3). RETRIEVAL - process of getting info out of memory
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Prospective Memory
the ability to remember to do something in the future
Sensory Memory
the immediate, inital recording of sensory info in the memory system
Working Memory
the processing of briefly stored info.
Self Reference Effect (SRE)
memory advantage for material personally related to you
Automatic Processing (ENCODING)
unconscious encoding of incidental information (space, time, frequency, well-learned info, hear/read familiar words)
Effortful Processing (ENCODING)
requires attention & conscious effort to encode info
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of info to encode and maintain it in consciousness
Spacing Effect
distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice
Serial Pos. Effect
presidential activity
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning
Visual Encoding
encoding of images
Rosy Retrospection
recalling high points of event while forgetting low points
Ebbinghaus
if something is meaningul…it takes less time to encode it (mnemonics)
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Hierarchies
info broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic Memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; strong emotions = strong memories; prolonged stress = degraded memory
Amnesia
loss of memory (can forget: facts, info, experiences) – NOT WHO YOU ARE
Explicit Memory (Declarative)
memory of facts, experiences, and info
Implicit Memory (Procedural)
retention w/o conscious recollection (unconscious memories)
Recall
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned (e.g. fill-in-the-blank)
Recognition
measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items already learned (e.g. multiple choice)
Relearning
memory mesure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
Context Effects
put yourself back in the context where you experienced something (RETRIEVAL CLUES)
Deja Vu
already seen; current situation may be loaded w/ cues that unconsciously retrieve earlier experiences pseudoscience
Mood-Congruent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w/ one’s current mood
State-Dependent Memory
what is learned in one state can more easily be remembered when in the same state
3 Sins of Forgetting
- Absent Mindedness: inattention to details produces encoding failure
- Transience - storage decay over time
- Blocking - inaccessibility of stored info
3 Sins of Distortion
- Misattribution: confusing the source of the info
- Suggestibility: effects of misinformation
- Bias: belief-colored recollections
Last Sin of Memory (7th)
Persistence: unwanted memories
Proactive Interference
prior learning interferes with new
Retroactive Interference
new learning interferes with old
What parts of the brain are active during memory?
Hippocampus & frontal lobes (cerebellum is involved in implicit memory)
Damage to left brain = ?
verbal info loss
Damage to right brain = ?
visual designs/locations loss
Retrieval Clues
Effects on retrieval helps explain why moods persist
When can forgetting happen?
At ANY memory stage!
