Mods 20-22 Quiz

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

we learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus anticipate events

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

we learn to associate a response with its consequences/rewards

Question 3

observational learning

Answer 3

we learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them

Question 4

UCS

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus - stimulus that triggers a natural response (automatically)

Question 5

UCR

Answer 5

unconditioned response - naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (biological)

Question 6

CS/NS

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 7

CR

Answer 7

conditioned response - learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus –> natural UCR becomes learned CR

Question 8

acquisition stage

Answer 8

the initial stage of learning; when a response is first established and gradually strengthened

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

diminishing of conditioned response

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

learned ability to distinguish between a CS/NS that does not cause a UCS

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

Question 13

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Answer 13

studied digestive secretions of dogs; Russian physician/neurophysiologist

Question 14

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

Answer 14

viewed psych. as an objective science; emphasized the study of behavior; little albert experiment (conditions fear into child through fluffy, white items paired with loud noises)

Question 15

keys to operant learning

Answer 15

motivation & reinforcement

Question 16

reinforcement versus punishment

Answer 16

reinforcement strengthens/increases the behavior; punishment diminishes/decreases the behavior (both can be pos/neg)

Question 17

key diff. between CC & OC

Answer 17

• CC = no control/reflexive behavior; automatic response to a stimulus learned through CC
• OC = control/voluntary; actions that result from punishment or reward in reaction to a stimuli

Question 18

pos v neg reinforcement

Answer 18

• POS: any event that strengthens the behavior
• NEG: occurs when something is taken away as a result of behavior; creates a favorable outcome

Question 19

Thorndike’s Law of Effect (1905)

Answer 19

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (vice versa)

Question 20

B.F. Skinner (1909-1990)

Answer 20

behavioral technology; any event that increases frequency of response is reinforcement (money, praise, attention)

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

OC procedure that guides behavior towards a goal

Question 22

reinforcer

Answer 22

event that strengthens behavior it follows

Question 23

principles of reinforcement

Answer 23

• primary reinforcer: innately reinforcing stimulus (biological)
• conditioned reinforcer: stimulus that gains power via association with primary reinforcer
• pos reinforcer: adds pos stimulus
• neg reinforcer: removes an averse stimulus

Question 24

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 24

• FR (fixed ratio) AMOUNT
• FI (fixed interval) TIME
• VR (variable ratio) RANDOM AMOUNT BUT AVGS TO FR
• VI (variable interval) RIGHT PLACE RIGHT TIME

Question 25

Is Neg. Reinforcement a form of Punishment?

Answer 25

NO! neg. reinforcement simply REMOVES an averse stimulus in order to INCREASE desired behavior

Question 26

latent learning

Answer 26

learning that occurs, but is not apparent until their is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 27

types of motivation

Answer 27

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 28

over justification effect

Answer 28

effect of a promising reward for doing what one already likes do to – person may then see extrinsic value rather than intrinsic (thus losing interest)

Question 29

modeling (observational learning)

Answer 29

process of observing & imitating a specific behavior (ideas, fashions, habits, traditions, etc.)

Question 30

mirror neurons

Answer 30

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions/observing another doing something (enables imitation)

Question 31

Albert Bandura

Answer 31

argued that people can learn new info. and behaviors by watching other people (Bobo Experiment proved that when adults portray violence against Bobo Doll, children then mirror the adult’s behavior especially if the adult is of the same sex)

Question 32

bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 32

1. people learn from observation
2. internal mental states are essential (self-efficacy)
3. just because something is learned does not mean it will change behavior

Question 33

antisocial behavior

Answer 33

antisocial models from tv, family, etc. can have antisocial effects

Question 34

prosocial behavior

Answer 34

positive/helpful behavior; consistent in actions and words

Question 35

media + observational learning

Answer 35

correlation does NOT prove causation!