Mods 20-22 Quiz Flashcards
classical conditioning
we learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus anticipate events
operant conditioning
we learn to associate a response with its consequences/rewards
observational learning
we learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them
UCS
unconditioned stimulus - stimulus that triggers a natural response (automatically)
UCR
unconditioned response - naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (biological)
CS/NS
conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
CR
conditioned response - learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus –> natural UCR becomes learned CR
acquisition stage
the initial stage of learning; when a response is first established and gradually strengthened
extinction
diminishing of conditioned response
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between a CS/NS that does not cause a UCS
generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
spontaneous recovery
reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
studied digestive secretions of dogs; Russian physician/neurophysiologist
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
viewed psych. as an objective science; emphasized the study of behavior; little albert experiment (conditions fear into child through fluffy, white items paired with loud noises)
keys to operant learning
motivation & reinforcement
reinforcement versus punishment
reinforcement strengthens/increases the behavior; punishment diminishes/decreases the behavior (both can be pos/neg)
key diff. between CC & OC
- CC = no control/reflexive behavior; automatic response to a stimulus learned through CC
- OC = control/voluntary; actions that result from punishment or reward in reaction to a stimuli
pos v neg reinforcement
- POS: any event that strengthens the behavior
- NEG: occurs when something is taken away as a result of behavior; creates a favorable outcome
Thorndike’s Law of Effect (1905)
principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (vice versa)
B.F. Skinner (1909-1990)
behavioral technology; any event that increases frequency of response is reinforcement (money, praise, attention)
shaping
OC procedure that guides behavior towards a goal
reinforcer
event that strengthens behavior it follows
principles of reinforcement
- primary reinforcer: innately reinforcing stimulus (biological)
- conditioned reinforcer: stimulus that gains power via association with primary reinforcer
- pos reinforcer: adds pos stimulus
- neg reinforcer: removes an averse stimulus
schedules of reinforcement
- FR (fixed ratio) AMOUNT
- FI (fixed interval) TIME
- VR (variable ratio) RANDOM AMOUNT BUT AVGS TO FR
- VI (variable interval) RIGHT PLACE RIGHT TIME
Is Neg. Reinforcement a form of Punishment?
NO! neg. reinforcement simply REMOVES an averse stimulus in order to INCREASE desired behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs, but is not apparent until their is an incentive to demonstrate it
types of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
over justification effect
effect of a promising reward for doing what one already likes do to – person may then see extrinsic value rather than intrinsic (thus losing interest)
modeling (observational learning)
process of observing & imitating a specific behavior (ideas, fashions, habits, traditions, etc.)
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions/observing another doing something (enables imitation)
Albert Bandura
argued that people can learn new info. and behaviors by watching other people (Bobo Experiment proved that when adults portray violence against Bobo Doll, children then mirror the adult’s behavior especially if the adult is of the same sex)
bandura’s social learning theory
- people learn from observation
- internal mental states are essential (self-efficacy)
- just because something is learned does not mean it will change behavior
antisocial behavior
antisocial models from tv, family, etc. can have antisocial effects
prosocial behavior
positive/helpful behavior; consistent in actions and words
media + observational learning
correlation does NOT prove causation!
