Prussia, Austra and other states 1. Prussia: House of Hohenzollern -> militaristic culture and efficiency. 2. Austria: House of Habsburg .

Modernity, colonialism and wars Flashcards by Naobi López

The start of the Modern Age

Rennaissance (14th-17th century): cultural and intellectual movement - it changed the dominant medieval world view.

Invention of the printing press (15th century): rise of religous pluralism and fragmentation of Catholic authority in Western Europe.

Scientific Revolution (16th - 17th century): transformation of the understanding of the natural world.

Rise of nation-states: consolidation of centralized political power.

Age of Exploration (15th - 17th century): globalization of trade and exchange of ideas.

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Colonialism as a direct result

European powers embarked on overseas journeys to explore and establish trade routes.

Economic motivations: desire for new trade routes and access to valuable resources as a driving force.

Competition for wealth and power: acquisition of colonies to enhace economic strength and political influence.

Missionary activities: spread of Christianity.

Technological superiorirty and military power: firearms, naval tecnology and military tactics.

Royal and political ambitions: expansion of territories and influence on the world stage.

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Colonial powers and their colonies

Earliest colonial empires: Spain and Portugal - mostly in the Americas and Asia, some part of Africa.

Great Britain: one of the largest and most influential empires in history.

France: extensive empire with colonies in North America, the Caribbean, Africa and Southeast Asia.

Netherlands: influential in trade and maritime activities - Dutch East Indies, Dutch Guiana, Carribean Islans, trading post in Africa.

Belgium, Italy and Germany became colonial powers in the 19th century -> Scramble for Africa.

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Scramble for Africa

Belgium, Italy and Germany became colonial powers in the 19th century

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Holy Roman Empire

Prussia, Austra and other states

Prussia: House of Hohenzollern -> militaristic culture and efficiency.
Austria: House of Habsburg .

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Last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Francis II
19th century: Napoleonic Wars
1806: Abdication of the emperor - Francis II continues as Francis I of Austria.
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

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Confederation of the Rhine

Founded in 1808 by Napoleon
16 German states subordinate to powerful France
Allies of Napoleon
Maximun extension: 38 states.
Capital: Frankfurt am Main.
Dissolved in 1813 after Napoleon’2 defeat in Leizig.

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Congress of Vienna 1815

Frances returned to it 1792 boundaries.

Belgium and Holland were united into a single kingdom (the Netherlands).

Italy appeared divided and the Austrian presence was maintained in the Kindom of Lombardy - Veneto.

**A confederation of 39 German states was created (Germanic Confederation) among- which Austria and Prussia were the most important.

Prussia incorporated the Rhineland.

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Goals of the Congress of Vienna

1815
Maintaining the balance of power, preventing future conflicts, restoring monarchies and tradicional political structures.

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Consequences

Nationalism movements and eventual unification of Italy and Germany.

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Germanic Confederation

Prussia consolidates economic strength

1834: Zollvering (Austria not included) -> coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

Austria continued as a dominant political and cultural force.

German nationalism -> writers, philosophers ans intellectuals dream of nationalism.

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1848 The People’s Spring

France, Germany, Italy, Sweden

Objective:
1. Establish liberal goverment and constitutions.
2. Expel foreign rulers.

*It was hope for German nationalist.
Frankfurt -> Lirst Liberal Parliament

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Goal of The People Spring

Write a modern constitution for unified Germany

Discussion:

Conflicting interests: order restored in 1849 -> Las divisiones internas, la falta de apoyo militar y la oposición de las monarquías conservadoras (especialmente Austria y Prusia) llevaron al fracaso del Parlamento de Frankfurt.

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Grossdeutschland and Kleindeutschland

Context: people spring

Gran Alemania (Gran Alemania): Propuesta que incluía a todos los territorios de habla alemana, incluyendo el Imperio Austríaco.
Kleindeutschland (Pequeña Alemania): Propuesta que excluía a Austria y centraba la unificación en torno a Prusia.

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Otto von Bismark

Roots: Aritocracy and gentry

Studied law

Conservative politician in Landtag (Prussian parliament)

Most important objective: The unification of Germany.

1862: Prime Minister of Prussia.
*Anti-liberal and anti-democratic
*Military reforms to create a strong army
*Support for King Wilhelm I

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The political strategy of Bismarck

After unification ->
*Cautions foreign policy to prevent two-front war.
*1887: Reinsurance Treaty with Russia -> neutrality in case of war with other great power.

Realpolitik: policy based on practical interest and concrete actions
*Pragmatism
*No ideological notions.

Kulturakampls (1870’s): Loyalty to empiere more important than loyalty to Pope.
*Bismarck against catholics.
*1880’s: Bismarck cancels majority of anti-catholic laws.

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Emperor Wilhelm II

1889: coronation after death of Wilhelm I

Bismarck gets fired.

Weltpolitik: aggressive and expansionist politics.

Political and economic motives -> creation of the imperial German Nacy - rivalry with the British Royal Navy.

Result: isolation of Germany in international politics.

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*Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

Triple Entente

France, UK and Russia

Assasination of Franz Ferdinand

June, 1914

Austria  Serbs
Serbs  Russia
Germany  Russia
France  Germany
Belgium  United Kingdom

Last year of War
Great War

1917: Russia Revolution: the Peace of Brest-Litovsk

United States declares war on Germany

1918: Establishment of parliamentary government

*Rebellions throughout Germany
Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back legend)
October: truce requested by Germany..

The Treaty of Versailles

End of war between the Triple Entente and Germany
*Alleinschuld of Germany

Exorbitant indemnifications

Territorial concessions

Army limited to 100,000 soliders -> humiliation for Germany.

Germany in enourmous debt.

The Weimar Republic

*New democratic republic
*15 goverments in 13 years
*Politican and economic problems
*Loss of confidence in democratic system -> search for new political leaders.

Political and economic problems in the Weimar Republic

Germany destroyed by the war
New debts because of Peace of Versailles
Many people lose jobs
Product prices increase
Unemployment of soldiers

Adolf Hitler

1889 - born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire Volunteer in WWI Goal in like: to save "his" Germany 1993: Hitler chancellor of President Paul von Hidenburg Nazification of German society

NSDAP

NSDAP - National Socialist German Workers’ Party The thrid Reich Nazis gain support from broad sectors of the population. Oppression: German resistance crushed. Propagando: increase wounded German confidence

Crisis of 1929

"People voted for National Socialism, not because of its anti-Semitism, and not because of its dictatorial ideas, but because of the terrible economic situation and the promises of the Nazis that they would change all that.” – Yehuda Bauer, historian.

Background of WWII

1936: Alliance with Mussolini's Italy 1936: Anti-Comintern Pact 1938: Der Anschluss Annexation of Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Appeasement Policy 1939: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with secret clause

1939

Invansion of Poland Russia and Germany divide the territory New form of warfare - Blitzkrieg vs. Sitzkrieg Axis Powers *Germany *Japan *Italy

1940

Invasion of Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. British troops flee from Dunkirk to England. Division of France in German territory and Vichy Regime. July-October - Battle of Britain

Operation Barbarossa

1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union - Lebensraum Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943). Red Army advances further and further westward.

United States in WWII

1941 - Attack to Pearl Harbor United States declares war on Japan. Germany declares war on the United States.

Invansion of Italy WWII

1943: UK and the US arrive in Sicily. Fall of Mussolini, new italian goverment takes Allied side. Germany continues fighting in Italy until May 1945

The D-day

Operation Overlord June 6, 1944: the big landing on the beaches of Normandy British, Canadian and US Soliders 3 million troops arrive on the mainland.

End of the Second World War

1945: the Third Reich capitulates, Russians invade Berlin. Hitler commits suicide (April 30th) Stunde Null in Germany

Postdam Conference

July and August 1945 Churchill, Truman, Stalin. Postdam Agreement 1. Germany divided into 4 occupation zones. 2. Allied Control Council based in Berlin 3. Collaboration for the political and economic reconstruction of Germany.

The Iron Curtain

A political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

Describe the two blocks after the WWII

1. Western Europe and the United States. *The "free" world. *The First World 1949 -> foundation of NATO Support from Marshall plan. 2. The Soviet Union and its allies *The communist world. *The Second World *1955: Warsaw Pact Refusal of Marshall Plan.

The Berlin Blockade

1948 Against "American Economic Imperialism" Conflict about common currency Soviet Union creates land blockade (forces isolation). Massive airlift of food, medicine and necessary supplies.

The establishment of two German republics.

1949 May: Federal Republic of Germany. Temporary status in anticipation of a German reunification. October: German Democratic Republic. The division of Germany became a fact.

The reunification of Germany

November 9th, 1989: fall the Berlin wall. Helmut Kohl - 10 point plan Support from President Bush Sr. Negotiations with Gorbachov. October 3rd 1990: official reunification.

Helmut Koh Chancellor

Helmut Kohl was the chancellor of West Germany (FRG) from 1982 to 1990 and later became the chancellor of a reunified Germany from 1990 to 1998.

Ten - point plan of Helmut Kohl

Economic support for German Democratic Republic. Condition: Free elections in German Democratic Republic.

The reunified Germany

Germany Democratic Republic becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. *Imposition of Western political, economic and social system. *Successor to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the Party of Democratic Socialism. New design of constitutions in FRG Federal State: Central goverment and 16 federal states *High level of autonomy. *Priority: federal law.