Modernity 1800-1950

Question 1

Modernity

Answer 1

1. Bureaucratization
2. Democratization
3. Specialization
4. Institutionalization
5. Records
6. Quantification
7. Standardization
8. Secularization
9. Rationalization

Question 2

Society during the 1800-1950s

Answer 2

1. Old political/economic regime declining - divine right to rule losing traction 
Spanish, Holy Roman, Chinese
2. New empires rising 
British, American, Japanese, German 
Empires based on economic gain 
3. Modern geopolitical landscape 
Modern division of continents 
Creation of nation states

Question 3

How was Canada defined?

Answer 3

1. Primarily defined by geography
2. Not viably managed by Britain alone
   Strong divisions between French and English

Question 4

Benedict Anderson created what concept?

Answer 4

1. Imagined Community
2. Nation is a community which is socially created by people who imagine themselves to be part of that group
3. Modern nation states

Question 5

The Industrial Revolution was defined by:

Answer 5

1. Mass production and manufacturing industries become the dominant forces
   Steam engine - 1869
   Industrial combustion engine
   Electrical Power
2. Built on one another, modern way of living

Question 6

Outcome and Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 6

1. Mass migration
   Workforce lured people out of rural areas and into urban existence
2. Population increase
   Population doubled within 100 years
   Middle class was growing, incredible amount of working poor
3. Felt in urban centers
4. Industrialization and urbanization
5. More predictable money based lifestyle

Question 7

Cottonopolis

Answer 7

Manchester: phenomenon of the textile industry

Question 8

Dominant idealism during 1800s:

Three philosophers:

Answer 8

1. German
2. Immanuel Kant, Johan Fichte, George Hegel
3. Very similar to Platonic and Aristotelian
4. Humans are secular as opposed to linked to a divine world
5. Physical world we inhabit is imperfect
6. Body is secondary; perfect humans exists (something to strive for)
7. Body was an expression for the soul

Question 9

Implication of German Idealism for Physical Education:

What emerged from the German idealism?

Answer 9

1. Body is a physical expression for the soul: there must be a moral and spiritual basis to all physical activity
2. Everything must have a purpose
3. Rational physical education: 19th century idealism

Question 10

How were students taught based on rational physical education:

Answer 10

Individual fusions of body and soul; body is the physical expression for the soul

Question 11

What were the values of rational physical education:

Answer 11

Individuals are “End in Themselves”

Huge implications for student athletes

Question 12

Objectives of rational physical education :

Answer 12

Optimal achievement of the physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual

Question 13

Curriculum of rational physical education:

Answer 13

Defined by the ability and potential of students
Early childhood and childhood development
Inspired by Rousseau

Question 14

Evaluation Criteria of rational physical education:

Answer 14

Social interaction, self-confidence, social and psychological maturity, physical growth, skill development, moral and spiritual development

Question 15

Rational Physical Education: Form

Answer 15

Group physical activity
Gymnastics based
Wasn’t about playing games or sport
Based on drills, militaristic performance
Calisthenics: can be done in a confined space

Question 16

Rational Physical Education: Function

Answer 16

Ethnocentric physical education
Perfect reflection of ethnic ideal
Physical health of the entire nation surpasses physical health of the individual
Collective physical health symbolized health of the nation
Defended health and security of the nation state

Question 17

Sokol Fest:
Origin:
Prescribed:

Answer 17

1. Prague 1906
2. National gymnastics league
3. Completely modern national organization
4. Prescribed physical education
5. Dispersed throughout the Czech

Question 18

Johann Berhard Basedow:

Answer 18

Founded Philanthropian: influential progressive school
Children should be taught as children
Influenced by Rousseau
Johan Fredrick Simon was a physical education instructor
Aristocracy of worth
50% of curriculum was physical education (5hr / day)
3 hour recreational play / 2 hour manual labor
Age specific activities
Philanthropian was a short lived idea - not financially viable
Personality conflicts - hard to work with
Public school - specific curriculum
Designed by proportion
Was unsuccessful

Question 19

Johann Friedrich Guthsmuth:

Answer 19

1. Grandfather of modern gymnastics and physical education
2. Schnepfenthal Educational Institute
   Very successful, prescriptive
   Incorporated resistance for children (complex standing apparatus)
3. Gymnastics for the Young
4. Intellectal education is only effective after the body is fit and strong
5. German states should create a stronger German nation

Question 20

Fredrich Ludwig Jahn

Answer 20

1. Founder of the Gymnastics Movement
2. Patriotic Prussion and monarchist
3. Promoted German Volk - xenophobic
4. School in gymnastics (Guthsmuth)
5. Gymnastics was good for health and discipling

Question 21

Turnen

Answer 21

To perform gymnastics

Question 22

Turnplatz

Answer 22

Outdoor gymnastics field

Question 23

Turnfest

Answer 23

Outdoor gymnastics festival

Question 24

Turnverein Movement: 1811-1819

Answer 24

1. Populous based political and cultural movement
2. Militaristic (anti-French)
3. Egalitarian - every individual was important to the overall
4. New social realization and identity

Question 25

Turnverein Movement: 1819-1842

Answer 25

1. Turner activities banned

2. Jahn arrested

Question 26

Turnverein Movement: 1848-present

Answer 26

1. Turners were active participants in the revolution
2. Revolution failed
3. Emigrated to America (American Turnvereine)

Question 27

Miroslav Tyrs

Answer 27

Founder of the Sokol Movement
Influenced by Turners
Not as xenophobic