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Natural Sciences Clep > Modern States Video > Flashcards

Modern States Video Flashcards

1
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Contains hereditary/genetic material in humans and most other organisms

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2
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus of a cell
Some found in mitochondria (mtDNA)

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3
Q

What are the bases of DNA and their pairs? What do they determine?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with Thynine (T)
Guamine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
They determine how the organism builds and maintains themselves

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4
Q

What is a nucleotide? What do they form

A

When base pairs attach to sugar molecules and a phosphate molecule
They form 2 long strands that spiral into a double helix

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

Split ladder of nucleotides and base pairs in half
Each half serves as a pattern for duplication
Each new cell needs exact copy from old cell

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6
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyst that accelerates the rate of reactions

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7
Q

Most enzymes are ________ but some catalytic ___ molecules have been found

A

Proteins; RNA

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8
Q

What are the molecules at beginning of enzymatic reactions?

A

Substrates
During the reaction the substrates turn into different molecules (products)
Enzyme is unchanged

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9
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Lower the activation energy of a reaction - this reduces reaction time

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10
Q

Relationship between enzymes and their substrates

A

Enzymes are highly specific - they only bind when substrates match their active site

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11
Q

What are enzymes affected by

A

Inhibitors - molecules decrease enzyme activity
Activators - molecule increase enzyme activity

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

Self feeders
Producers

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13
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Eat others
Consumers

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14
Q

Gene

A

Molecular unit of heredity of a living organism
Sequence of nucleic acids

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15
Q

What is an allele?

A

Code a variant of that gene

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16
Q

Genes specify all _______ and functional ____ chains

A

Proteins, RNA

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17
Q

What do genes do?

A

Hold information to build and maintain an organisms cells and psd genetic traits to offspring (eyes, limbs, blood type)

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18
Q

How do genes create or coded for its protein?

A

Transcription and translation

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19
Q

What is gene transcription

A

Single stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created
MRNA Complements DNA - where it was transcribed from

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20
Q

What is gene translation?

A

The mRNA is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein
TRNA brings amino acids and anticodon for protein synthesis

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21
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical released that affects other parts of body
A chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another
All multicellular organisms produce hormones

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22
Q

Effects of hormones

A

Stimulate or inhibit growth
Induction or suppression of programmed cell death
Immune system
Fight or flight- adrenaline / epinephrine
Puberty, parenting , menopause
Reproduction
Mood
Metabolism
Cravings
Sexual arousal

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23
Q

How do hormones control internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

Characteristics of animalia

A

Eukaryotic and multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls - exoskeleton or shells
Motile
Sexual reproduction - some asexual

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25
Q

Subkingdoms of anamalia

A

Parazoa- differentiated cells but no distinct tissues or body symmetry
Eumetazoa- 2/3 distinct layers of cells with differentiated tissues and have radial or bilateral symmetry

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26
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

Eukaryotic
More similar to animals than plants
Cells walls of chitin
Asexual via spores or Sexual via meiosis

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27
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Yeast, mold, rust, familiar mushrooms

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28
Q

How do fungi grow

A

In soil, on dead matter, live on plants/animals/other fungi

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29
Q

Fungi roles

A

Decomposition
Leavening agent for bread
Enzyme in detergent
Food
Fermentation
Antibiotics
Pesticides
Some toxic

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30
Q

Kingdom plantae includes

A

Green algae
No vascular plants
Vascular plants

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31
Q

Vascular plants are also known as _______

A

Tracheophytes

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32
Q

Seed plants (aka _____) have two groups:

A

Spermatophytes
Gymnosperms- no flowers
Angiosperms - flowering plants

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33
Q

Cell walls of plants

A

Cellulose and lignin (lignin provide structure)

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34
Q

Botany

A

The study of plants

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35
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involves a form of cell division

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36
Q

Steps to meiosis

A

Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis I
(Repeats P-C)

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37
Q

Mitosis

A

Eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually by dividing into two genetically identical daughter cells

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38
Q

Steps to Mitosis

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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39
Q

What is mitosis interphase

A

Period of cell growth and DNA replication
Chromosomes are chromatin
Nucleus may still be present

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40
Q

What is mitosis prophase

A

Chromatin condense into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Sister chromatids joined by centromeres
Centrosomes move to opposite ends of poles

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41
Q

What is mitosis metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at equilateral
Micro tubes attach to sister chromosomes to centrosomes

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42
Q

What is Mitosis anaphase

A

Centromeres divide
Micro tubes shorten
Chromosomes to opposite sides of cell

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43
Q

What is Mitosis telaphase

A

Cytoplasm divides along cleavage
Chromosomes condense to chromatin
Nucleolus reappears
Nuclear membrane reforming around clear nucleus

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44
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Linear chain of nucleotides

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45
Q

Nucleotides

A

Consists of nitrogenous base
-purine - Adenine and Guanine
- pyrimidine - cytosine, thynine, uracil
a Pentose (5C sugar)
- ribose or deoxyribose
And a phosphate group

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46
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
Made of base pair connected by sugar and phosphate molecules : Ribose+AGCU
Usually single stranded - can fold on self creating double helix

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47
Q

Messenger RNA -

A

carry code from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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48
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Read the code carried by the mRNA

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49
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Bring amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked to proteins

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50
Q

Virus

A

Tiny nonliving biological infectious agent

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51
Q

What do viruses consists of

A

DNA or RNA genome encased in a protein coat aka capsid
Can be single or double stranded

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52
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

Infect and take over living host cell
Can be dormant
Inserts genetic material into host’s
Takes control of host DNA - produces viral genes and protein- form new visions to destroy host and infect more

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53
Q

What is Boyles Law

A

Pressure x Volume = Constant or
Pressure = constant/volume

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54
Q

Archimedes principle

A

A buoyant force in a submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid displace by the object
Volume= (mass of object-mass in water)/density of water

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55
Q

Density of water

A

1g/cubic cm

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56
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
Lowers activation energy
Provides surface for molecules to gather and bind

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57
Q

Homogenous catalyst

A

Same phase as reactants
Ex) liquid with liquid

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58
Q

Heterogenous catalyst

A

Different phase than reactants

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59
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell

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60
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like rods of DNA

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61
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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62
Q

Nucleolus

A

Involved in protein synthesis
Synthesizes and stores RNA

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63
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Exchange of material

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64
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the structures of the cell

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65
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Liquid within the nucleus

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66
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid material within the cell

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67
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cytosol and substructure found within plasma membrane

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68
Q

Cell plasma membrane

A

Defines cell acting as a barrier

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69
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell

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70
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Generates ATP and is involved in cell growth and death

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71
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids

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72
Q

Golgi complex

A

Involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell

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73
Q

Vacuoles

A

Sacs used for storage digestion and waste removal

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74
Q

Vesicle

A

Moving materials within a cell

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75
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell

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76
Q

Centrioles

A

Involved in cellular division

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77
Q

Centrosomes

A

Involved in mitosis and the cell cycle

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78
Q

Lysosome

A

Digest proteins lipids and carbs

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79
Q

Cilia

A

Causes cell to live and can result in fluid being moved by the cell

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80
Q

Flagella

A

Use whip like movements to help cell move

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81
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides plants with sturdy barrier that can hold fluid within cell

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82
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plant cells use for photosynthesis

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83
Q

Plastid

A

Used to make chemical compounds store food

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84
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Allow for transport between cells

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85
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that take place in living organisms
Convert nutrients to energy and macromolecules

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86
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next

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87
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Require energy
Build larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones

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88
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Release energy
Break down large molecules to smaller less complex ones

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89
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical bonds into energy stored in form of ATP

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90
Q

Time scale

A

How quickly or slowly chemical reactions occur

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91
Q

Reaction rates

A

Based on Frequencies of contact, temp, and properties (shape)
Can be accelerated via catalyst or decreased via inhibitors

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92
Q

What do chemical reactions release

A

Heat
Light
Electrons
Ions

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93
Q

What can influence reactions or break bonds

A

Heat and other

94
Q

Combination (synthesis) reactions

A

2 or more reactants combine to form one product

95
Q

Compound

A

Substances containing two or more elements
Formed by chemical reactions
Different properties from the original elements

96
Q

Solutions

A

Homogenous mixtures
Two or more substances
Ex) salt water

97
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more substances that have combined
No chemical reaction
Can be separated

98
Q

Convection

A

Heat transfer through movement or circulation of fluids
Heat moves away from source to cooler denser area

99
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Reactant is broken down to more products

100
Q

Displacement

A

Final position - original placement

101
Q

Physics

A

Explanation and description of the ways matter moves

102
Q

Vector

A

Magnitude (size) and direction

103
Q

Scalar

A

Magnitude (size) alone

104
Q

DNA mutations

A

When normal gene sequence is altered

105
Q

Hereditary

A

Passed form parent to child

106
Q

De novo

A

Occur only in sex cells it shortly after fertilization

107
Q

Mosaicism

A

Occurs in a cell during and early embryonic stage

108
Q

Acquired or somatic

A

Due to environmental factors or replication occurred

109
Q

Origin of replication

A

Where splitting starts

110
Q

DNA replication

A

Enzyme helicase instigates deforming of hydrogen bonds between bases to split two strands

111
Q

Replication fork

A

The portion of DNA that is unwound to be replicated

112
Q

Double replacement aka metathesis reactions

A

Ions or bonds are replaced by two compounds to form two different compounds

113
Q

Electrical force

A

Universal force that exists between any two electrical charged objects
Opposite attract and like repel

114
Q

Electrical force equation

A

F=(kq1q2)/r^2
K> constant 9x10^9
Q > magnitude of charge
R > distance between objects

115
Q

Friction

A

Force that results as resistance to motion where 2 surfaces are in contact

116
Q

Static friction

A

Small amount of force is exerted but neither object moves

117
Q

Kinetic friction

A

Larger amount of force is exerted and one of the objects move

118
Q

What type of friction is greater of with more force

A

Static > kinetic

119
Q

Simple fruits

A

Formed from one ovary

120
Q

Botanical fruits

A

Develop from flower

121
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Many ovaries 1 flower
Raspberries blackberries

122
Q

Multiple fruits

A

Many flowers single structure
Pineapple
Figs

123
Q

Function of circulatory system

A

Conduct nutrients and oxygen to the tissues
Remove waste
Transport hormones and agents
Carry and produce blood

124
Q

Water cycle

A

Water movement in above and within earth

125
Q

States of water in cycle

A

Liquid
Ice
Vapor

126
Q

Precipitation

A

Water vapor falls in earth via rain sleet snow

127
Q

Canopy

A

Precipitation land on plants instead of grounds

128
Q

Snowmelt

A

Runoff from melting snow

129
Q

Infiltration

A

Flows from surface into ground

130
Q

Subsurface flow

A

Flows underground

131
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas

132
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid water turns to gas without turning into liquid

133
Q

Advection

A

Movement of water through atmosphere

134
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapor to liquid

135
Q

Transpiration

A

Vapor is released from plants to air

136
Q

Theory of plate tectonics

A

The lithosphere , upper solid of mantle and crust, major and minor plates move

137
Q

Three types of plate boundaries

A

Transform - two slide past
Divergent- pull away form new crust
Convergent - push into each other (subduction one plate goes under other)

138
Q

Rock definition

A

Aggregates of more than one mineral (may contain mineraloids) and organic matters
No definite structure or shape

139
Q

Rock types

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Classified by formation and minerals

140
Q

The study of rocks is called

A

Petrology

141
Q

Mineral definition

A

Naturally occurring
Inorganic Silvia with definite chemical Conor and orderly internal crystalline structure
Polymorph is two minerals with same chem comp
Classified by chemical comp

142
Q

Study if Minerals

A

Mineralogy

143
Q

Igneous rock is formed by

A

Hot magma cooling beneath the ground or lava cools above ground to form large or fine grained crystalline, porous, or glassy rocks or varying chemical composition

144
Q

Examples of igneous rocks

A

Granite
Pumice

145
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from previously weathered and eroded material which may have been igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks

146
Q

Example of sedimentary rocks

A

Dolomite
Limestone

147
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Altered, partially remelted, generally highly crystalline
Igneous sedimentary or even older metamorphic rocks
Extreme heat and compression

148
Q

Examples of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate
Marble

149
Q

Gravitational force

A

Universal force that causes every object to exert a force on all other objects

150
Q

Equation for gravitational force

A

F=(Gm1m2)/r^2
G> gravitational constant 6.672x10^-11
M1+m2 > masses of the two objects
R > distance between them

151
Q

Heat capacity

A

Thermal mass
Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object

152
Q

Q=c🔺t

A

Q is heat energy transferred
C is heat capacity if the body
🔺T is Change in objects temp
Answer in joules

153
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Heat capacity per unit mass
Q=mc🔺T
Specific heat=mass times shc times change in temperature

154
Q

Meteoroid

A

A rock in space

155
Q

Meteor

A

The streak of light from a meteoroid in earths atmosphere

156
Q

Meteorite

A

Meteoroid that reached the Earths surface

157
Q

Meteor shower

A

Higher than normal number of meteors

158
Q

Fireballs

A

Very bright meteors with trails that can last as long as 30 minutes

159
Q

Proteins

A

Large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid peptide

160
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins

A

Amino acids sequence

161
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins

A

Regularly repeating local structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds (alpha helix , beta sheet, turns)

162
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall shape of a single protein molecule; the spatial relationship of secondary structures to one another

163
Q

Quartering structure

A

The structure fired by several protein molecules (usually called protein subunit which function as a protein complex)

164
Q

Structural proteins

A

Give stiffness and rigidity to biological components that would otherwise be fluid (ex keratin)

165
Q

Receptors

A

Bind a signaling molecule to induce a biochemical response

166
Q

Antibodies (immunoglobulin)

A

Bind antigens and target them for destruction

167
Q

Motor proteins

A

Generate the forces responsible for muscle construction

168
Q

Pump proteins

A

Transport ions or small molecules across a membrane

169
Q

Switch proteins

A

Act as an on off switch based on the presence of absence of certain other molecules in a cell

170
Q

Astronomy

A

The scientific study of celestial objects and their positions, movements, and structures

171
Q

Cell theory

A

All living organisms made of cells
New cells are formed from pre existing cells
All cells are similar
Cells are the most basic unit of life

172
Q

What are some similarities between plants and animal cells

A

Eukaryotic
Nucleus
Reproduction
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Microtubules
Vacuoles

173
Q

Difference between plants and animal cells

A

Plant cell wall made of cellulose
Animals have no cell walls
Plant cells with chloroplasts, consistent shape of cells, large cells and cell plates
Animals have mitochondria , many shapes, smaller , and pinch in half

174
Q

Electric potential:

A

expression of potential energy per unit charge

175
Q

Voltage

A

Electric potential difference between 2 points in a circuit
V=E/Q

176
Q

Electric charge

A

Typically only moves from areas of high electric potential to areas of low electrical potential

177
Q

What is Charles law

A

V=kT
Volume equals k as a constancy times T in absolute temp in Kelvins

178
Q

Decomposition reaction is

A

When a substance breaks apart to form two more substances
AB-> A+B

179
Q

Diffraction

A

Bending of waves around small objects and the spreading out of waves past small openings

180
Q

If the opening is narrow, the defraction of light will be …

A

Greater

181
Q

How do you find the frequency of a wavelength

A

F= speed of light divided by wavelength

182
Q

Electromagnetic waves from smallest energy to largest energy

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Visible light
UV radiation
X rays
Gamma rays

183
Q

What is energy

A

Capacity to do work
Measured in joules

184
Q

Ideal gas law

A

PV=nRT
Pressure times volume equals number of moles times absolute temperature times universal gas constant

185
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Lack carbon
Geological process
Distinction not always clear
Ex of inorganic carbon compounds
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

186
Q

Organic compounds

A

Natural and synthetic
Produced by plants and animals
Sugars

187
Q

Ionization energy

A

The amount of energy it takes to remove the first valence electron of an atom

188
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is always conserved

189
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

A system develops a uniform temperature

190
Q

Third law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy becomes constant as temp approaches zero

191
Q

Light

A

Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible because of its ability to stimulate the retina

192
Q

Reflection

A

If light is reflected from the surface of the object
Angle will stay the same

193
Q

Transmission of light

A

When light transmitted through the object
It’s direction may be altered

194
Q

Absorption of light

A

Light that is neither reflected or transmitted will be absorbed

195
Q

Lipid

A

Fats oils or waxed

196
Q

Triglycerides

A

Consists of a glycerol molecule that is blunt to three long chain fatty acids

197
Q

Phospholipids

A

Consists of two fatty acids bound to a phosphate head group

198
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids that are derived from cholesterol

199
Q

Waxes

A

Formed when long chain alcohol binds to a long chain fatty acid

200
Q

Ferromagnetic soft and hard material

A

Soft - respond more and can lose magnetism fast
Hard - keep magnetism for long time

201
Q

Electromagnetic

A

Coil wrapped around soft material for on off effect

202
Q

Newtons first laws of motion

A

First- object at rest/motion stays at rest/motion unless acted upon by outside force
Greater the mass the greater resistance

203
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

Unbalanced force acting upon body will produce a change in that body’s acceleration that is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the body’s mass
F=ma

204
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Every actin has an equal and opposite reaction

205
Q

Law of inertia

A

Tendency of objects to resist any change in their state of motion

206
Q

What’s do the rows and columns tell you in periodic table

A

Rows/period- putter electrons are in the same energy level
Column or group - same number of valence electron in litter shell

207
Q

Photosynthesis light

A

Photons from light provide the energy to split a water molecule

208
Q

Photosynthesis dark

A

Atmospheric CO2 is captured and converted by the reducing equivalence and ATP into sucrose and starch

209
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Plants and animals
Larger than prokaryotic
Linear double stranded DNA combined with histore and packaged as chromosomes
Chromosomes found in nucleus bound by two membranes

210
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Single celled organism such as bacteria
Smaller than eukaryotic
Lack membrane bound nucleus
Single stranded circular DNA free float in cytoplasm

211
Q

Radioactivity

A

The decay of the nucleus of an unstable atom

212
Q

Alpha particles

A

Nucleus if helium atoms
High energy
Short distances
Can’t penetrate paper or skin

213
Q

Beta particles

A

Electrons emitted from nucleus
Don’t participate in chemical reactions
Not penetrate aluminum foil

214
Q

Gamma rays

A

Electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus
High energy
Can be stopped by lead

215
Q

What is the order of planets from closest to the sun to farthest

A

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

216
Q

What is the composition of the sun

A

70 hydrogen
28 helium
2 various metals

217
Q

The surface of the sun is called the

A

Photosphere

218
Q

Where is the chromosphere of the sun

A

Above the photosphere

219
Q

The corona extends how far

A

Millions of miles into space after chromosphere

220
Q

Sunspots

A

Cool regions on surface of sun

221
Q

The heliosphere …

A

Bubble surrounding the sun
Area affected by sun particles
Far beyond Pluto

222
Q

Differences of state of matter

A

Solids- volume and density , structural rigidity and shape, resistant to flow
Liquid- volume and density, flow readily, does not expand to fill container
Gas- will expand to fill container

223
Q

The scientific method involved

A

Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Analysis

224
Q

Different types of clouds

A

Stratus- blanket (warm air over cold)
Cumulus- puffy cotton balls (warm air forces up)
Cirrus- wispy thin feathery (ice crystals)

225
Q

Velocity is

A

The rate of motion or speed in a specific destination
Magnitude and direction
V=distance divided by time

226
Q

Acceleration is

A

The chance in velocity of an object acceleration is also a vector
Same direction as velocity

227
Q

Work

A

Amount of energy expended in accomplishing a goal
W=Fd force time displacement (only if force is same direction )
Joules

228
Q

If force and displacement same direction work is

A

Positive

229
Q

If force and displacement have opposite direction work is

A

Negative

230
Q

If work and displacement is perpendicular work is

A

Zero
No work is done

Natural Sciences Clep (4 decks)

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