Modern Slavery

Question 1

What is modern slavery?

Answer 1

Describes various forms of slavery relevant to present times such as trafficking human beings

Question 2

What was the transatlantic slavery trade?

Answer 2

Slave traders operated a triangle with ships leaving Europe to West Africa. African slaves were bought and then the shops went to the Americas and the Caribbean.
The journey was known as the middle passage and lasted 6-8 weeks.

Question 3

Who were Barbary pirates?

Answer 3

They captured Europeans and turned them into slaves. Most of the pirates from North African countries . They captured white christians

Question 4

Which country first acknowledged the abolition of slavery?

Answer 4

France- the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens 1789
France officially abolished the slave trade in 1818.

Question 5

When did Britain enact the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act

Answer 5

1807

It prohibited slavery trade in the British colonies as well as making it illegal to carry slaves in British ships.

Question 6

What happened in Somerset v Stewart 1772 98 ER 499?

Answer 6

After 2 years Somerset escaped his master Mr Stewart. Stewart arranged for Somerset to be captured but British abolitionists intervened on behalf of Somerset- filing a Habeus corpus writ.
It was held that Somerset was illegally detained.

Question 7

When did Britain abolish slavery?

Answer 7

1833 through
Abolition of Slavery Act 1833
It granted freedom to all slaves in Britain and made slavery illegal.

Question 8

When did America finalise the abolition of slavery

?

Answer 8

1865

13th amendment of the US constitution

Question 9

What did the League of Nations adopt ?

Answer 9

The Slavery Convention 1926

‘To prevent and suppress the slave trade’

Question 10

Which key international HR instruments prohibit slavery?

Answer 10

Article 4 UDHR 1948
Article 8 ICCPR 1966
Article 6/7 ICESCR 1966

Question 11

Which regional HR instruments prohibit slavery?

Answer 11

Article 4 ECHR 1950
Council of Europe convention on action against trafficking in human beings came into force 2008

Article 6 ACHR 1969
Article 5 ACHPR 1981

Question 12

What is the ILO and when did it form?

Answer 12

International labour organisation 1919 as part of treaty of Versailles.
Became part of the UN specialised agency 1946
Its aim is to focus on labour issues such as minimum age,standard working conditions,health and safety at work, stop discrimination

Question 13

What is THB?

Answer 13

Trafficking in human beings- it is a crime.

It involves recruiting victim and transporting them to another state/ within state for exploitation purposes.

Question 14

What the purposes of THB?

Answer 14

Working in sweatshops
Domestic labour
Work in agriculture, mines, factories, fishing
Forced marriage
Organ transplants 
Sport( camel jockeys)
Adoption
Begging

Question 15

What are the myths of trafficking?

Answer 15

That it is only women for sexual exploitation
Only happens in Eastern Europe or poor or third world countries and not western countries
That victims have consented.

Question 16

Who are the victims of trafficking?

Answer 16

In Africa and Middle East 68 % are children

In Europe and Central Asia- only 16% children. With 84 % adults.

Question 17

Why are women convicted of trafficking?

Answer 17

They are in low ranking positions that are more easily detected and therefore higher prosecution.

Question 18

What is the main instrument directly addressing human trafficking?

Answer 18

The Palermo Protocol article 3
Full title
The protocol to prevent , suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organised crime 2000

Question 19

What are the three key elements of THB?

Answer 19

The act
The method
The purpose

Question 20

Is THB a human rights issue?

Answer 20

Because THB is committed by private people or groups of individuals, they cannot be held liable for human rights violations. However, they can be held liable for breach of criminal law.
THB can amount to a HR violation
If it can be shown that the state was allowing it to happen either through corruption or not exercising due diligence.

Question 21

Which case relates to the human rights obligations of states in respect to slavery and forced labour?

Answer 21

Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia 2010
Recruited as an artiste but trafficked to Cyprus for sex exploitation - she died suspiciously
Cypriot ombudsmen found that the state was aware of the situation and the risk the girls were at.
The father brought case to ECHR- they found that Cyprus had failed to protect trafficking victims and failed to investigate properly. Russia also failed to adequately investigate how Miss rantsev was trafficked from Russia

Question 22

Name three different example of modern slavery linked to labour

Answer 22

Bonded labour( debt bondage)
Forced labour( cotton and cocoa business)
Magdalene laundries through Catholic Church

Question 23

What is a definition of forced labour?

Answer 23

Found in ILO Forced labour convention 1930 ‘ all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of a penalty and for which the said person has not offered themselves voluntarily ‘