Modern Period c.1750-c.1900 (Imperialism)

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

• Country Expands its power into other territories for economic/political gain

Question 2

Causation: Imperialism

Answer 2

• POLITICAL: Nationalism (large colonies have power/glory over smaller colonies)
• CULTURAL:
  *Europeans have “duty” to Cvilize, Westernism, Christianize, & Up-lift nonwesterns
• Technology = “proof” of superiority (Social Darwinism)
• ECONOMIC:
• Industrial Revolution (access to raw materials & consumers)
• Cheap Labor, indentured servants= global migrations
• Entrepreneurs -> investment profits (mines,railroads,etc..)

Question 3

Imperial Control

Answer 3

• country exercises power over another
• economic, political, social system

Question 4

“Sphere of Influence”: Imperial Control

Answer 4

• region DIRECTLY controlled by Imperialist Nation
  (ex. Ottomans & China)

Question 5

Protectorate: Imperial Control

Answer 5

• region KEEPS traditional leaders; GUIDED by Imperialist Nation
  (ex. Egypt)

Question 6

Colony: Imperial Control

Answer 6

• region COMPLETLY controlled by Viceroy (Imperial Governor)
• (ex. India)

Question 7

TOOLS

Answer 7

• Industrial Tech = advantage for Industrial States
• Superior Mobility & Communication (steamships, telegraphs, submarine telegraph cables,)
• Suez Canal: shorten trip to Asia
• Advanced firearms
• Quinine: helped eliminate malaria; cinchena plant

Question 8

Colonial Administration

Answer 8

• ruled with cooperation of local elites
• Traditional Ruler
• Colonial Ruler benefited most
• Young trained in “modern” Bureaucracy

Question 9

Colonial Style: BRITISH

Answer 9

• Indirect rule of Viceroy (imperial governor)
• Segregation (separation of race)
• Built infrastructure (hospitals, schools, transportation)
• Natives have power (only over other natives)

Question 10

Colonial Style: FRENCH

Answer 10

• Convert Natives into Frenchmen (Mission)
• NO Racial Segregation
• Get French Citizenship if educated(Euro.) enough

Question 11

Imperialism: AFRICA

Answer 11

• Protestant European Missionaries built schools, churches, & medical clinics
• Europeans believed they were superior to Africas because of better technology
• Europeans wanted Africa’s raw materials (labor, gold, salt, copper, diamonds)
• Africans: NO roles in government, Resources were STOLEN, & used for CHEAP LABOR
• Failed to resist: LACK of military advancements,
  DISUNITY (tribal, linguistic, ethnicity)

Question 12

King Leopold

Answer 12

• Sent representatives to create TRADE relations/treaties with African leaders
  EFFECT: started competition with Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany (Euro. Countries)

Question 13

Berlin Conference

Answer 13

• Meeting with European leaders to divide/separate Africa
• Africans played no part in this event

Question 14

Scramble for Africa

Answer 14

• Militaries sent by European nations established colonies throughout Africa while ignoring African ethnic groups, kingdoms, & city-states

Question 15

POSITIVE Effects: Imperialism in Africa

Answer 15

• Medicine & Education
• BETTER Infrastructure
• Christianity promoted literacy & health care + Removed sacrifices/rituals
  IMPROVED: road systems, railroads, electricity, communication systems
• Boundaries (made process of independence easier)

Question 16

NEGATIVE Effects: Imperialism in Africa

Answer 16

• Resource DEPLETION
• Labor EXPLOITATION
• Unfair taxation
• LACK of industrialization
• Dependence of cash crop economy prohibited trade
• Breaking up traditional African Society/Values
• Lack of political development

Question 17

Indigenous

Answer 17

• People who lived there first
• Citizens

Question 18

1. Diplomacy

Answer 18

• avoid fighting —> form agrement

Question 19

2. Alliance

Answer 19

• teaming up with colonizers to defeat common enemy

Question 20

3. Armed Resistance

Answer 20

• fighting to maintain independence

Question 21

4. Selective Borrowing

Answer 21

• use aspects of MODERN Western society for independence

Question 22

5. Millenarism

Answer 22

• “end of the world is coming soon”
• hopes for better days
• influence of missionaries

Question 23

6. Clinging to Tradition

Answer 23

• traditional beliefs/rituals help resist colonial pressure
• Conservative values

Question 24

Indigenous Responses in Africa

Answer 24

Diplomacy: *
- AVOIDED war
- British Contract (denied)

Alliance:*
- MAJI MAJI Revolt

Armed Resistance:*
- Holy War (Muhammad Ahmad), Battle of Omdurman (bloodiest, Eur. & Af.), Yaa Asantewa War
- Egyptian military officers rebelled
- Maji Maji Revolt

Millenarianism:*
- Muhammad Ahmod: “Mahdi”, announce end of days

Clinging to Tradition: *
- Golden Stool (symbol of nation/kings), Tribute in Cattle, Maji Maji (powerful water);
- Jesus restore/protect form being divided
- Spirt in snake form (provided good harvest, strength, protection, & invulnurability to bullets)

Question 25

John Africanus Horton

Answer 25

- suggested to incorporate Western constitutional practices (4. Selective Borrowing)

Question 26

Abolition of Atlantic Slave Trade EFFECTS

Answer 26

-new slave trades began - Cloth & Iron Goods expanding factories (cheaper) - Oil - More Integrated in World Market

Question 27

British: Divide & Conquer

Answer 27

- Ashanti leaders fought back (outgunned) - Brit. found allies; "deal with the devil" -> (powerless)

Question 28

Islam gains greater appeal in EURO. Imperialism

Answer 28

- Muslim Kings/Emirs used Islamic law/traditions - Jihadist impulse spread West & East

Question 29

Samori Toure's Tactics

Answer 29

- learned to manufacture gunpowder - trained soldiers (use imported rifles) - Built state & controlled trade routes - Grueling Guerrilla Campaign

Question 30

INCREASED Demand for IVORY

Answer 30

- Militarized trading ventures - Arab/Swahili merchants marched into the interior

Question 31

British Raj

Answer 31

- Brit conquered India by exploiting its diversity, & encouraging discontinuity/competition among rivals

Question 32

British Raj: Early Change

Answer 32

- EIC - Sepoy Rebellion - Mughal Rulers governed powerful Muslim empire (@India) - Exploited India (diversity, & encouraging discontinuity/competition among rivals)

Question 33

EIC (British East Indian Company)

Answer 33

- GOAL: make money (joint-stock company) - Controlled 3/5 of India - ended slavery, caste system - banned Sati

Question 34

Sepoy Rebellion (Early Change)

Answer 34

- Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) rebelled against the British as they began to hold more control over them and have natives fight other natives - told to bite off tips of rifle cartridges (animal fat); against religious beliefs -Brit. killed thousands of unarmed India

Question 35

British Raj: Early Change

Answer 35

- EIC

Question 36

British Raj: Later Change

Answer 36

- Parliament ended rule of EIC - Unequal partnership - Indian National Congress: Indian nationlist, prepared for slef-rule

Question 37

Ram Mahun Roy

Answer 37

- combined Brit & India ideas/tech./culture -