Modern Period c.1750-c.1900 (Imperialism) Flashcards
Imperialism
- Country Expands its power into other territories for economic/political gain
Causation: Imperialism
- POLITICAL: Nationalism (large colonies have power/glory over smaller colonies)
- CULTURAL:
*Europeans have “duty” to Cvilize, Westernism, Christianize, & Up-lift nonwesterns - Technology = “proof” of superiority (Social Darwinism)
- ECONOMIC:
- Industrial Revolution (access to raw materials & consumers)
- Cheap Labor, indentured servants= global migrations
- Entrepreneurs -> investment profits (mines,railroads,etc..)
Imperial Control
- country exercises power over another
- economic, political, social system
“Sphere of Influence”: Imperial Control
- region DIRECTLY controlled by Imperialist Nation
(ex. Ottomans & China)
Protectorate: Imperial Control
- region KEEPS traditional leaders; GUIDED by Imperialist Nation
(ex. Egypt)
Colony: Imperial Control
- region COMPLETLY controlled by Viceroy (Imperial Governor)
- (ex. India)
TOOLS
- Industrial Tech = advantage for Industrial States
- Superior Mobility & Communication (steamships, telegraphs, submarine telegraph cables,)
- Suez Canal: shorten trip to Asia
- Advanced firearms
- Quinine: helped eliminate malaria; cinchena plant
Colonial Administration
- ruled with cooperation of local elites
- Traditional Ruler
- Colonial Ruler benefited most
- Young trained in “modern” Bureaucracy
Colonial Style: BRITISH
- Indirect rule of Viceroy (imperial governor)
- Segregation (separation of race)
- Built infrastructure (hospitals, schools, transportation)
- Natives have power (only over other natives)
Colonial Style: FRENCH
- Convert Natives into Frenchmen (Mission)
- NO Racial Segregation
- Get French Citizenship if educated(Euro.) enough
Imperialism: AFRICA
- Protestant European Missionaries built schools, churches, & medical clinics
- Europeans believed they were superior to Africas because of better technology
- Europeans wanted Africa’s raw materials (labor, gold, salt, copper, diamonds)
- Africans: NO roles in government, Resources were STOLEN, & used for CHEAP LABOR
- Failed to resist: LACK of military advancements,
DISUNITY (tribal, linguistic, ethnicity)
King Leopold
- Sent representatives to create TRADE relations/treaties with African leaders
EFFECT: started competition with Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany (Euro. Countries)
Berlin Conference
- Meeting with European leaders to divide/separate Africa
- Africans played no part in this event
Scramble for Africa
- Militaries sent by European nations established colonies throughout Africa while ignoring African ethnic groups, kingdoms, & city-states
POSITIVE Effects: Imperialism in Africa
- Medicine & Education
- BETTER Infrastructure
- Christianity promoted literacy & health care + Removed sacrifices/rituals
IMPROVED: road systems, railroads, electricity, communication systems - Boundaries (made process of independence easier)
NEGATIVE Effects: Imperialism in Africa
- Resource DEPLETION
- Labor EXPLOITATION
- Unfair taxation
- LACK of industrialization
- Dependence of cash crop economy prohibited trade
- Breaking up traditional African Society/Values
- Lack of political development
Indigenous
- People who lived there first
- Citizens
- Diplomacy
- avoid fighting —> form agrement
- Alliance
- teaming up with colonizers to defeat common enemy
- Armed Resistance
- fighting to maintain independence
- Selective Borrowing
- use aspects of MODERN Western society for independence
- Millenarism
- “end of the world is coming soon”
- hopes for better days
- influence of missionaries
- Clinging to Tradition
- traditional beliefs/rituals help resist colonial pressure
- Conservative values
Indigenous Responses in Africa
Diplomacy: *
- AVOIDED war
- British Contract (denied)
Alliance:*
- MAJI MAJI Revolt
Armed Resistance:*
- Holy War (Muhammad Ahmad), Battle of Omdurman (bloodiest, Eur. & Af.), Yaa Asantewa War
- Egyptian military officers rebelled
- Maji Maji Revolt
Millenarianism:*
- Muhammad Ahmod: “Mahdi”, announce end of days
Clinging to Tradition: *
- Golden Stool (symbol of nation/kings), Tribute in Cattle, Maji Maji (powerful water);
- Jesus restore/protect form being divided
- Spirt in snake form (provided good harvest, strength, protection, & invulnurability to bullets)
John Africanus Horton
- suggested to incorporate Western constitutional practices (4. Selective Borrowing)
Abolition of Atlantic Slave Trade EFFECTS
-new slave trades began
- Cloth & Iron Goods expanding factories (cheaper)
- Oil
- More Integrated in World Market
British: Divide & Conquer
- Ashanti leaders fought back (outgunned)
- Brit. found allies; “deal with the devil” -> (powerless)
Islam gains greater appeal in EURO. Imperialism
- Muslim Kings/Emirs used Islamic law/traditions
- Jihadist impulse spread West & East
Samori Toure’s Tactics
- learned to manufacture gunpowder
- trained soldiers (use imported rifles)
- Built state & controlled trade routes
- Grueling Guerrilla Campaign
INCREASED Demand for IVORY
- Militarized trading ventures
- Arab/Swahili merchants marched into the interior
British Raj
- Brit conquered India by exploiting its diversity, & encouraging discontinuity/competition among rivals
British Raj: Early Change
- EIC
- Sepoy Rebellion
- Mughal Rulers governed powerful Muslim empire (@India)
- Exploited India (diversity, & encouraging discontinuity/competition among rivals)
EIC (British East Indian Company)
- GOAL: make money (joint-stock company)
- Controlled 3/5 of India
- ended slavery, caste system
- banned Sati
Sepoy Rebellion (Early Change)
- Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) rebelled against the British as they began to hold more control over them and have natives fight other natives
- told to bite off tips of rifle cartridges (animal fat); against religious beliefs
-Brit. killed thousands of unarmed India
British Raj: Early Change
- EIC
British Raj: Later Change
- Parliament ended rule of EIC
- Unequal partnership
- Indian National Congress: Indian nationlist, prepared for slef-rule
Ram Mahun Roy
- ## combined Brit & India ideas/tech./culture
