Modern Period 1900-Present Flashcards
Name the scientists who discovered the structure of the DNA and when?
Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953
List lifestyle factors that may cause disease
Unprotected sex
Drugs
Alcohol
Smoking
Too much sun
Diet
In the 19th century there was also the first detailed reports about the impact of living conditions on people health, list 3:
Edwin Chadwick’s report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population, 1842
Charles Booth’s life and labour of the people in London, 1891-1903
Seebohm Rowntree’s poverty: A study of town life, 1901
Who discovered and developed the Electron microscope and when?
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1931
New methods of diagnosing:
Blood tests
Blood pressure monitors
Endoscopes
ECGs
Ultrasound scans
CT scans
X-rays
MRI scans
When were blood tests first used?
1930s
When were blood pressure monitors first used?
1880s
When were endoscopes first used?
1900s
When was blood sugar monitoring first used?
1960s
When were ECGs first used?
1900s
When were ultrasound scans first used?
1940s
When were CT scans first used?
1970s
When were X-rays first used?
1890s
When were MRI scans first used?
1970s
What is a magic bullet?
a chemical cure that would attack the microbes in the body causing disease, leaving the body unharmed
What was the first magic bullet called and who discovered it and when?
Salvarsan 600 was the first magic bullet, discovered by Vlata a Japanese scientist. It treated syphilis
When was the NHS launched?
in 1948 by the government
How did the NHS change the way people were cared for during this period?
It provides the same level of service for everyone in the nation
List high tech medical and surgical treatments being carried out in the 20th century.
Keyhole surgery
Robotic surgery and Microsurgery
Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Kidney dialysis
Organ transplants
List hereditary diseases and why the discovery of them is beneficial:
It is beneficial as doctors now understand that certain factors do not always cause disease.
Down syndrome
Haemophilia
Breast cancer
Explain the Human Genome Project
Launched in 1990 by James Watson. For 10 years 18 teams of scientists all over the world worked together to map and decode the human genome.
Explain the discovery of Penicillin
In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria in a petri dish was being killed by a penicillin mould. after doing further research he discovered that it made an excellent antibiotic. In 1929, he published his findings and several years later Florey and Chain continued to Fleming’s research and came to the realisation that it also worked on humans.
Mass production of penicillin process
UK factories were being devoted to war efforts therefore it was difficult for Florey to mass produce penicillin considering that it needed a lot of space. In 1941 Florey then reached out to US drug companies and few agreed but it showed the effectiveness of penicillin. US began mass production in 1942 after entering WW2 and Britain began mass production in 1943.
What is the most known drug that caused many issues to those that took it?
Thalidomide (1960s) caused deformities to new born babies since it promised it would treat morning sickness. Since this error society have seen the importance of trialling drugs efficiently.
New technology has made it easier to create and provide drugs:
mass production of pills
development of capsules
hypodermic needles
insulin pumps
When did diphtheria vaccination become necessary?
1942, there were concerns that they may be an epidemic due to the cramped conditions of air raid shelters but due to vaccinations the disease was no longer a problem
When did polio vaccination become necessary?
1950,developed in the US by Jonas Salk and came to the UK in 1956 and the cases reported reduced very rapidly.
When was the last reported case of Polio?
1984
What campaigns encourage people to lead a healthier lifestyle and why?
Change4Life, the government want to encourage individuals within society to lead healthy lifestyles in order to maintain their health. Laws were also passed to stop people smoking in public to help them and passive smokers from avoiding lung cancer.
When was the clean air act created and why?
1956 and 1968 due to the smog
What is still in place to maintain air pollution?
limiting car emissions
Some bacteria are now resistant to penicillin. True or false?
True since bacteria can mutate
What is the main cause of lung cancer?
85% of people that had or have lung cancer smoke or smoked
When was lung cancer first linked to smoking?
1950
Is diagnosing lung cancer simple?
No, it is often misdiagnosed
How was lung cancer diagnosed before compared to now?
By x-rays although now CT scans are used to get a more clear picture (dyes are used to make the lungs more visible)
Treatment of lung cancer:
transplants
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
What year was smoking banned in public spaces?
2007
What year was the legal age to buy cigarettes lifted to 18 from 16?
2007
When did smoking with children under the age of 18 in the car become banned?
2015
Was taxation increased on tobacco products?
Yes in order to deter people from smoking, preventative laws
