Modern Medicine Flashcards
Grecor Mendel
1860s- an Austrian scientist studies peas and suggests characteristics apart past from from plants to its offspring
Dna
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix shape
In chromosomes found a nucleus contains genetic information
Dna
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix shape
In chromosomes found a nucleus contains genetic information
X-Ray image of DNA
1951- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use an x-ray machine to capture an image of DNA at King’s college, London.
James Watson
Show an image of DNA by Morris and works with Francis Crick to interpret it- work together at Cambridge University
Watson and crick’s discoveries
Determines the double helix shape of DNA means it can unzip itself to make copies
Discover that genetic information is passed from parents to children.
1953- publish work
Human genome project
1990-A project by scientists all over the world to map entire Gene sequence of human beings finishes in 2001
Lifestyle factors: smoking
Causes lung cancer
Impacts of human genome project
Allows people to take DNA tests
If a disease is hereditary in the family, someone can test to see if they have a predisposition to it and take preventative surgeries
Hemophilia
Hereditary disease
If you know you have a predisposition to it, you can make the moral decision not to have children so that you don’t pass it down to them
Lifestyle factors: drinking
Causes liver failure
Lifestyle factors: drinking
Causes liver failure
Lifestyle factors: unhealthy diet
Can cause heart disease
Diagnosis: x-rays
Radiation pulses through soft tissue but absorbed by dense materials such as bone this hopes identify fractures or breaks
Diagnosis: CT scans
Computerized tomography
Uses x-rays and computers to make detailed images of organs, blood vessels and Bones
Can diagnose internal injuries, cancers and strokes
Diagnosis: endoscopes
Long Chiefs with cameras at end
And such through small cuts and moved key areas
Avoids need for major surgery this is known as keyhole surgery
Diagnosis: ECGs
Electrocardiograms
Monitor electronic waves emitted by heart needed for healthy heart function
Diagnosis: blood tests
Used my blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugar. Detect certain cancers, heart attacks, strokes and diabetes
Diagnosis: MRI scans
Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue like brain
Can diagnose tumors, strokes and brain injuries
Treatment: magic bullets
Chemical that seeks out and sticks to specific germs then kills them
Treatment: Salvarsan 606
Paul elrich
Used to cure syphilis
1909
Joined by Japanese Hata
606 compound they tried
First chemical cure for any disease
Treatment: protosil
1932
Gerhard domagk
Gem scientist noticed red dye was effective against blood poisoning
Tested on mice and then used on his daughter. Saved her life. Second chemical cure for disease
Active ingredient sophonamide used in 1930s and ’40s for pneumonia
Problems with healthcare in the start of the 20th century
Stopped the 20th century. People still have to pay for healthcare and many could not afford to take time off work if they became ill
Beverage report
1942- Sir William Beveridge publishes a report arguing that healthcare should be free at the point of care
Wants to defeat the five giants
Five giant evils
Disease
Want
Ignorance
Idleness
Squalor
Start of NHS
1945-Lay party win selection with the promise to introduce beverages idea of enough national health service
1946- labor government passes the NHS act
1948-the NHS treats it’s first patient
Opposition to NHS
Cost the taxpayers. Lots of money. Budget of 280 million
Doctors made more money treating privately
People Feared made the UK more communist
Thought it would encourage laziness because people wouldn’t have to work as hard to pay for healthcare
Impact of NHS
One is the best healthcare systems in the world
Allows everyone to access healthcare despite income
Every hospital has access to latest technology
Impact of NHS: figures
Life expectancy increase by 13 years for men and 12 years for women
Infant mortality dropped from 36 per thousand to four per thousand
Aneurin bevan
Works to set up NHS
Prevention: government intervention
Fun sliced out campaigns to encourage exercise and healthy eating
2018-sugar tax making unhealthy food more expensive
Vaccination programs
2020 government ordered lockdown during covid-19 pandemic
Treatment: keyhole robotic and laser surgery
Allow surgeons to operate without making large cuts. Surgery is more precise. This means less blood loss and a quicker recovery
Treatment: radiotherapy
Beams of radiation used to kill cancer
Treatment: pacemakers
Small devices in search into patient to send out electrical impulses. This helps a heartbeat regularly
Treatment cologne dialysis machines
If kidneys do not work, blood is filtered through dialysis machine to remove waste products
Treatment, smartphones and watches
Different apps monitor activity provide diet plans. Give mental health advice. Provide exercise tips
Howard Florey
Australian chemist worked with chain Oxford University involved in the development of penicillin
Ernest chain
Biochemist and Jewish refugee from Nazi, Germany worked with Florida Oxford University involved in development of penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Doctor and Royal army medical quotes during first world war treated infections sex abscess
Case study: penicillin
Left bacteria in petri dish in his lab notice that mould (penicillium) have granny and Petri dish and the bacteria had been killed
Experimented to develop the first antibiotic. Penicillin
1929- published work
Case study: development of penicillin
Florian James see Alexander’s Fleming’s work and taking in dress. Decided to develop it further
Received only 25 lb in government funding to support their work
Case study: production of penicillin
Couldn’t make on a big enough scale made in large containers such as bathtubs
Case study: first use of penicillin
1940- policeman album Alexander was first to be given penicillin after a wound became infected
Cleared his infection and he started to recover but they didn’t have enough penicillin to save him
Died February 1941
Case study: mass production of penicillin
1941- Flory traveled to the USA where the government wanted to use penicillin to treat injured soldiers. They paid four large pharmaceutical companies 80 million and funded his research
1944-mass production started in a warehouse in New York
Lung cancer: previous attitudes towards smoking
Socially acceptable
World war I soldiers giving cigarettes to reduce stress
Smoking was allowed in public places
Advertised widely and featured in many films and TV shows
Lung cancer: current attitudes towards smoking
2007-banned in work places
2017-Tobacco products have to show health warnings
2005-band advertising tobacco completely
High tax and tobacco products
Lung cancer: treatment
Chemotherapy has been used chemicals to destroy cancer cells since the 1940s
Ct scans used for diagnosis early giving a higher chance of survival
