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History > Modern Medicine > Flashcards

Modern Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Grecor Mendel

A

1860s- an Austrian scientist studies peas and suggests characteristics apart past from from plants to its offspring

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2
Q

Dna

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix shape
In chromosomes found a nucleus contains genetic information

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3
Q

Dna

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix shape
In chromosomes found a nucleus contains genetic information

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4
Q

X-Ray image of DNA

A

1951- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use an x-ray machine to capture an image of DNA at King’s college, London.

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5
Q

James Watson

A

Show an image of DNA by Morris and works with Francis Crick to interpret it- work together at Cambridge University

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6
Q

Watson and crick’s discoveries

A

Determines the double helix shape of DNA means it can unzip itself to make copies
Discover that genetic information is passed from parents to children.
1953- publish work

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7
Q

Human genome project

A

1990-A project by scientists all over the world to map entire Gene sequence of human beings finishes in 2001

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8
Q

Lifestyle factors: smoking

A

Causes lung cancer

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9
Q

Impacts of human genome project

A

Allows people to take DNA tests
If a disease is hereditary in the family, someone can test to see if they have a predisposition to it and take preventative surgeries

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10
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary disease
If you know you have a predisposition to it, you can make the moral decision not to have children so that you don’t pass it down to them

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11
Q

Lifestyle factors: drinking

A

Causes liver failure

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12
Q

Lifestyle factors: drinking

A

Causes liver failure

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13
Q

Lifestyle factors: unhealthy diet

A

Can cause heart disease

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14
Q

Diagnosis: x-rays

A

Radiation pulses through soft tissue but absorbed by dense materials such as bone this hopes identify fractures or breaks

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15
Q

Diagnosis: CT scans

A

Computerized tomography
Uses x-rays and computers to make detailed images of organs, blood vessels and Bones
Can diagnose internal injuries, cancers and strokes

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16
Q

Diagnosis: endoscopes

A

Long Chiefs with cameras at end
And such through small cuts and moved key areas
Avoids need for major surgery this is known as keyhole surgery

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17
Q

Diagnosis: ECGs

A

Electrocardiograms
Monitor electronic waves emitted by heart needed for healthy heart function

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18
Q

Diagnosis: blood tests

A

Used my blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugar. Detect certain cancers, heart attacks, strokes and diabetes

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19
Q

Diagnosis: MRI scans

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue like brain
Can diagnose tumors, strokes and brain injuries

20
Q

Treatment: magic bullets

A

Chemical that seeks out and sticks to specific germs then kills them

21
Q

Treatment: Salvarsan 606

A

Paul elrich
Used to cure syphilis
1909
Joined by Japanese Hata
606 compound they tried
First chemical cure for any disease

22
Q

Treatment: protosil

A

1932
Gerhard domagk
Gem scientist noticed red dye was effective against blood poisoning
Tested on mice and then used on his daughter. Saved her life. Second chemical cure for disease
Active ingredient sophonamide used in 1930s and ’40s for pneumonia

23
Q

Problems with healthcare in the start of the 20th century

A

Stopped the 20th century. People still have to pay for healthcare and many could not afford to take time off work if they became ill

24
Q

Beverage report

A

1942- Sir William Beveridge publishes a report arguing that healthcare should be free at the point of care
Wants to defeat the five giants

25
Q

Five giant evils

A

Disease
Want
Ignorance
Idleness
Squalor

26
Q

Start of NHS

A

1945-Lay party win selection with the promise to introduce beverages idea of enough national health service
1946- labor government passes the NHS act
1948-the NHS treats it’s first patient

27
Q

Opposition to NHS

A

Cost the taxpayers. Lots of money. Budget of 280 million
Doctors made more money treating privately
People Feared made the UK more communist
Thought it would encourage laziness because people wouldn’t have to work as hard to pay for healthcare

28
Q

Impact of NHS

A

One is the best healthcare systems in the world
Allows everyone to access healthcare despite income
Every hospital has access to latest technology

29
Q

Impact of NHS: figures

A

Life expectancy increase by 13 years for men and 12 years for women
Infant mortality dropped from 36 per thousand to four per thousand

30
Q

Aneurin bevan

A

Works to set up NHS

31
Q

Prevention: government intervention

A

Fun sliced out campaigns to encourage exercise and healthy eating
2018-sugar tax making unhealthy food more expensive
Vaccination programs
2020 government ordered lockdown during covid-19 pandemic

32
Q

Treatment: keyhole robotic and laser surgery

A

Allow surgeons to operate without making large cuts. Surgery is more precise. This means less blood loss and a quicker recovery

33
Q

Treatment: radiotherapy

A

Beams of radiation used to kill cancer

34
Q

Treatment: pacemakers

A

Small devices in search into patient to send out electrical impulses. This helps a heartbeat regularly

35
Q

Treatment cologne dialysis machines

A

If kidneys do not work, blood is filtered through dialysis machine to remove waste products

36
Q

Treatment, smartphones and watches

A

Different apps monitor activity provide diet plans. Give mental health advice. Provide exercise tips

37
Q

Howard Florey

A

Australian chemist worked with chain Oxford University involved in the development of penicillin

38
Q

Ernest chain

A

Biochemist and Jewish refugee from Nazi, Germany worked with Florida Oxford University involved in development of penicillin

39
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Doctor and Royal army medical quotes during first world war treated infections sex abscess

40
Q

Case study: penicillin

A

Left bacteria in petri dish in his lab notice that mould (penicillium) have granny and Petri dish and the bacteria had been killed
Experimented to develop the first antibiotic. Penicillin
1929- published work

41
Q

Case study: development of penicillin

A

Florian James see Alexander’s Fleming’s work and taking in dress. Decided to develop it further
Received only 25 lb in government funding to support their work

42
Q

Case study: production of penicillin

A

Couldn’t make on a big enough scale made in large containers such as bathtubs

43
Q

Case study: first use of penicillin

A

1940- policeman album Alexander was first to be given penicillin after a wound became infected
Cleared his infection and he started to recover but they didn’t have enough penicillin to save him
Died February 1941

44
Q

Case study: mass production of penicillin

A

1941- Flory traveled to the USA where the government wanted to use penicillin to treat injured soldiers. They paid four large pharmaceutical companies 80 million and funded his research
1944-mass production started in a warehouse in New York

45
Q

Lung cancer: previous attitudes towards smoking

A

Socially acceptable
World war I soldiers giving cigarettes to reduce stress
Smoking was allowed in public places
Advertised widely and featured in many films and TV shows

46
Q

Lung cancer: current attitudes towards smoking

A

2007-banned in work places
2017-Tobacco products have to show health warnings
2005-band advertising tobacco completely
High tax and tobacco products

47
Q

Lung cancer: treatment

A

Chemotherapy has been used chemicals to destroy cancer cells since the 1940s
Ct scans used for diagnosis early giving a higher chance of survival

History (4 decks)

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