Industrial Medicine

Question 1

Treatment: hospitals

Answer 1

1700 had 5 hospitals
New hospitals funded by rich
Volunteer doctors, untrained nurses
People preferred to be treated at home

Question 2

Florence nightingale: background

Answer 2

Born 1820 wealthy
When 17 received religious vision telling her to serve
Trained in Germany/Paris
1853: superintendent of nurses at kings college

Question 3

Florence nightingale: Crimean war

Answer 3

1854- Britain went to war with Russia over crimea
Went to improve hospitals with 38 others

Question 4

Florence nightingale: impact in war

Answer 4

Ordered 300 scrubbing brushes
Treated 2000 soldiers
Provided clean bedding and good meals
Mortality rate dropped from 40-20% in 1856

Question 5

Notes on nursing

Answer 5

1859
Gives them uniform
Standardises nurses role
Builds trust and value for nurses
Advises open windows to stop airborne diseases
Pavillion plan hospitals

Question 6

Pavillion plan hospitals

Answer 6

Designed by Florence nightingale
Separate wards and staff
Stops spread of disease

Question 7

St Thomas’s

Answer 7

1860
Nurses school
Became a well skilled profession
Set up by Florence nightingale

Question 8

Problems with surgery

Answer 8

Pain
Infection
Blood loss

Question 9

Small pox

Answer 9

Fever,scarring,killed more children than any other disease
Most feared disease in 1800

Question 10

Inoculation

Answer 10

Giving someone a small amount of a disease to give imunity

Question 11

Smallpox parties (group inoculation)

Answer 11

Lady Mary Worsley Montague witnessed inoculation in turkey in 1700s. Wanted to protect her children. (1721)
Became popular but wasn’t always safe - doctors made a lot from them

Question 12

Edward Jenner

Answer 12

Born 1749
Outbreaks of smallpox in area
Given a dose for immunity then isolated to recover - many died.
Starved before to lower immunity
Doctor blew infected powder up noses
Jenner wanted to find a better way

Question 13

Cowpox

Answer 13

Milkmaids believed it stopped them getting smallpox ( cowpox antibodies fought it off)
Tested on young boy buy putting cowpox puss into his arm then smallpox and he was fine.
Tested further 23 times.

Question 14

Edward Jenner:impacts

Answer 14

Sent finding to royal society
Refused to publish work
1798- published own paper
‘an enquiry into the causes and effects of variola vaccinae’
Government paid him to set up vaccination clinic in London.
1852- became compulsory
Now wiped out completely

Question 15

Anaesthetics:ether

Answer 15

Killed pain but caused vomit,coughing and was very flammable
1842-william Clarke used ether to pull a tooth
1846-robert Liston used it to amputate a leg

Question 16

Robert Liston

Answer 16

1794-1847
Famous for quick surgery and amputation to stop deaths from shock
Once had 300% death rate
Used ether

Question 17

Anaesthetics: chloroform

Answer 17

1847-James Simpson discovered with friends when they inhaled it and it made them unconscious
Too easy to overdose

Question 18

Hannah greener - chloroform

Answer 18

1848-had infected toenail removed but died from too much chloroform

Question 19

Hannah greener - chloroform

Answer 19

1848-had infected toenail removed but died from too much chloroform

Question 20

Queen victoria - chloroform

Answer 20

Used it in childbirth 1853
Dr John snow
Made people trust it more and it became popular

Question 21

Negatives of chloroform

Answer 21

Inhaler made to regulate doses led to more complex and in-depth surgeries and caused more infections ( still no antiseptics )

Question 22

Antiseptics:carbolic acid

Answer 22

Joseph lister
Used to clear sewage
1865- used to bandage a broken leg and it didn’t get infected

Question 23

Joseph lister

Answer 23

English surgeon
Studied infected wounds
Discovered flesh rots
Compared his work to germ theory
Published ‘the lancet’ which detailed 11 of his cases

Question 24

Opposition to antiseptics

Answer 24

Blocks gods plans
Germ theory wasn’t widely believed so people didn’t understand the idea of killing microbes
Carbolic acid irritated the skins of doctors who used it

Question 25

Aseptic surgery

Answer 25

Completely sterile 1887- steam sterilisation of instruments and PPE 1894- first time using rubber gloves 1890s- Listers methods led to aseptic surgeries

Question 26

Bleeding

Answer 26

Ambrose poire used cat git stitches in war Lister sterilised them People also experimented with blood transfusions but mostly unsuccessful because of blood types so they were rejected

Question 27

Public health: government attitudes

Answer 27

'laissez faire' (leave alone) at first but became more involved living conditions were squalid and cramped Disease spread easily

Question 28

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 28

1832-asked to investigate cholera outbreak 1842-publishes 'report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring classes'

Question 29

First public health act

Answer 29

Releases 1848 after another cholera outbreak Aimed to improve conditions and encouraged health boards but wasn't compulsory and changes were expensive so it wasn't popular

Question 30

Public health:Changes in 1860s

Answer 30

government took more action 1865-london built 1300 miles of sewers Birmingham demolished slums Public health was more recognised

Question 31

Second public health act

Answer 31

1875-city authorities had to follow it Provide clean water Dispose of sewage Built toilets Better quality houses Public officers to monitor

Question 32

Cholera

Answer 32

Severe and infectious Water born Diarrhoea, vomiting,cramps Can be fatal Bacteria multiplies in small intestine

Question 33

Beliefs about cholera

Answer 33

Miasma Bad housing Alcoholism Starvation Old age Sinful behaviour (amoral)

Question 34

John snow

Answer 34

Surgeon Moved to Soho 1836 London's leading anaesthetist Well respected

Question 35

John snow and cholera

Answer 35

Observed it 1848-1849 He believed that it affected gut It was caused by contaminated water not miasma Wrote about this in book 'on the mode of communication of cholera' Later backed up by germ theory

Question 36

Broad street pump

Answer 36

Snow looked at links between water sources and cholera deaths Drew cholera street map saw deaths centered around particular pump A woman far away also used pump and died Removed handle to make it unusable and deaths stopped

Question 37

Germ theory

Answer 37

Disease caused by microbes in body

Question 38

Louis Pasteur

Answer 38

Proved bacteria caused milk to go off 'pasteurisation' Believed it worked the same way in the body -decay Created vaccines by finding things which were immune (chickens) and giving them weakened versions of diseases

Question 39

Robert koch

Answer 39

Injected bacteria/virus into mice who became ill to proved how disease worked Proved different microbes caused different disease Identified 20 diseases by 1900

Question 40

Henry bastion

Answer 40

Opposed germ theory Powerful and influential doctor People scared to challenge him Stopped germ theory catching on quickly

Question 41

Spontaneous generation

Answer 41

Idea that disease formed out of nowhere Pushed by bastion