modern medicine Flashcards
when did crick and watson discover the structure of dna
1953
who produced the x-ray photo used by crick and watson to reveal dna’s structure
rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins
when did the human genome project begin and end
1990-2003
why was the discovery of dna’s structure significant
-paved the way for new advances in molecular biology
-facilitated better understanding of genetic diseases and how we can treat them
what was added to blood to prevent it from clotting
sodium citrate and later citrate glucose solution
what was the first magic bullet and when was it discovered
salvarsan 606 (which cured syphilis)- 1909
who discovered prontosil and when
gerhard domagk 1932
what compound did prontosil contain and what did it prove useful in treating
sulphonamide- scarlet fever and meningitis
when did alexander fleming discover the antibiotic properties of penicillin
1928
when did florey and chain begin researching penicillin
late 1930s
when was penicillin first trialled on a person
1941- it was trialled on a policeman named albert alexander who had a severe infection
how much funding did florey and chain get from the us
3 million dollars to mass produce and purify penicillin
when did william beveridge publish his report and what was it called
1942- social insurance and allied services
what were the 5 main problems that beveridge highlighted in his report
-want
-ignorance
-idleness
-squalor
-disease
what did beveridge propose setting up and what did it entail
welfare state (system in which government protects financial and social well-being of citizens):
-free education
-free healthcare
-improved housing
-social security
-full employment
when in the 1940s did labour win the general election
1945
when was the national health service act and when did it come into effect
1946 and 1948
roughly by how much has life expectancy increased since the nhs was established
13 years
what are some of the successes of the nhs
-free public healthcare for all
-increase in life expectancy
-reduction in child/maternal deaths
-wide range of services available
-emphasis on preventative medicine i.e. mass vaccinations
list some modern medical developments
-intravenous anaesthesia
-keyhole surgery
-improved specialist knowledge
-modern scanning techniques (x-ray, mri)
how did marie curie’s work on radiation help medicine
-developing x-rays
-cancer treatment- radiotherapy
who discovered x rays and when
wilhelm roentgen 1895
when was a link established between tobacco smoke and cancer
1950s
when did it become illegal to smoke inside
2007
what percentage of men and women smoked in the 1950s
80 and 40% respectively
when were cigarette adverts banned on tv
1965
when did it become mandatory for tobacco companies to place warnings on their products
1971
when was the change4life campaign launched
2009
how much has smoking prevalence decreased
by more than half (around 15% of men smoke and 11.5% of women)
why did so many people want to establish a welfare state
after the second world war, people believed they deserved a better future for their contribution
why was the beveridge report important
the ideas outlined in the report provided the foundation for the welfare state
when was the last polio case in the uk and why have there been no more cases since
1984 due to mass vaccination
when was it made mandatory for drivers to wear seatbelts in the uk
1983
when did people begin to use sodium citrate as an anticoagulant
1914
when was it discovered that using a citrate glucose solution allowed blood to be stored for longer
1916
