industrial medicine Flashcards
when did jenner create his vaccine
1796
when was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory
1853
when was smallpox eradicated
1980
what was the mortality rate of smallpox in the 19th century
around 20% depending on which source you look at
how many times did jenner repeat his experiment
23
when did jenner publish his findings
1798
why was there opposition to jenner’s discovery
-people didn’t like the idea of being inoculated with animal disease
-jenner could not explain how his vaccine worked
when did pasteur publish his germ theory
1861
how did pasteur prove that microbes cause liquid to turn sour
he showed that liquid did not go off in a swan neck flask as microbes could not enter, disproving spontaneous generation
why was there opposition to pasteur’s theory
-he could not identify any specific disease causing bacteria
-some argued that there were so many microbes that it would be impossible to ever be healthy
when did koch identify anthrax bacteria
1876
how did koch identify anthrax
he discovered a method of staining the anthrax bacteria and isolated it and injected it into mice, proving it caused disease
when did edwin chadwick publish his report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population
1842
what measures did chadwick say to put in place to prevent spread of disease
-removal of waste
-effective sewage systems and clean water
-an appointed medical officer in each area
when was the first public health act
1848
what did the public health act set up and what did it do
the board of health
-gave local authorities the power to appoint a medical officer
-towns could organise removal of waste and provide a clean water supply
why were the effects of the first public health act limited
the sanitary measures were not compulsory so many town councils simply didn’t act on their recommendations
how many people died in the cholera epidemic of 1848 in england and wales
52000
when did john snow make the connection between the broad street pump and cholera
1854
why were people catching cholera from the broad street pump
the pump was next to a sewage drain that was leaking into the water supply
when was the second public health act
1875
when did joseph lister discover the antiseptic properties of carbolic spray
1867
by how much did carbolic spray reduce surgery mortality
from 46% to 15% in 3 years
when was the first major cardiac surgery performed
1896
what was one reason as to why there way opposition to lister’s antiseptic method
some people believed that it slowed the procedure down
what were some features of aseptic surgery in the 1890s
-use of steam sterilised instruments
-surgeons wore sterilised gowns, rubber gloves and face masks
when did koch identify the TB bacterium
1882
what was pasteur’s first successful human vaccine and when was it produced
rabies 1885
what anaesthetics were used in the early 19th century
nitrous oxide and ether
when did james simpson discover chloroform’s anaesthetic properties
1847
why was there a 20 year ‘black period’ in surgery following the discovery of chloroform
doctors would attempt more invasive surgery with patients unconscious leading to blood loss and infection, causing death rates to go up
what two main things did florence nightingale improve in crimean hospitals
-sanitation- strict hygiene rules were enforced (patients washed, bedding changed)
-ventilation- clean air was allowed to circulate
when did florence nightingale go to crimea
1854
by how much did florence nightingale reduce the death rates in crimean hospitals
from 40% to 2%
when did florence nightingale publish notes for nursing
1859
when did florence nightingale set up her school for nursing
1860
when was the great stink
1858
when did joseph bazalgette design london’s sewage system and when was it finished
1858,1875
what was the impact of the new sewage system
cholera cases went down
what was the initial attitude from the government towards public health in the 19th century
laissez-faire- they didn’t want to intervene
