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history medicine revision 2023 > industrial medicine > Flashcards

industrial medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

when did jenner create his vaccine

A

1796

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2
Q

when was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory

A

1853

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3
Q

when was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

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4
Q

what was the mortality rate of smallpox in the 19th century

A

around 20% depending on which source you look at

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5
Q

how many times did jenner repeat his experiment

A

23

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6
Q

when did jenner publish his findings

A

1798

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7
Q

why was there opposition to jenner’s discovery

A

-people didn’t like the idea of being inoculated with animal disease
-jenner could not explain how his vaccine worked

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8
Q

when did pasteur publish his germ theory

A

1861

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9
Q

how did pasteur prove that microbes cause liquid to turn sour

A

he showed that liquid did not go off in a swan neck flask as microbes could not enter, disproving spontaneous generation

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10
Q

why was there opposition to pasteur’s theory

A

-he could not identify any specific disease causing bacteria
-some argued that there were so many microbes that it would be impossible to ever be healthy

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11
Q

when did koch identify anthrax bacteria

A

1876

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12
Q

how did koch identify anthrax

A

he discovered a method of staining the anthrax bacteria and isolated it and injected it into mice, proving it caused disease

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13
Q

when did edwin chadwick publish his report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population

A

1842

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14
Q

what measures did chadwick say to put in place to prevent spread of disease

A

-removal of waste
-effective sewage systems and clean water
-an appointed medical officer in each area

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15
Q

when was the first public health act

A

1848

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16
Q

what did the public health act set up and what did it do

A

the board of health
-gave local authorities the power to appoint a medical officer
-towns could organise removal of waste and provide a clean water supply

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17
Q

why were the effects of the first public health act limited

A

the sanitary measures were not compulsory so many town councils simply didn’t act on their recommendations

18
Q

how many people died in the cholera epidemic of 1848 in england and wales

A

52000

19
Q

when did john snow make the connection between the broad street pump and cholera

A

1854

20
Q

why were people catching cholera from the broad street pump

A

the pump was next to a sewage drain that was leaking into the water supply

21
Q

when was the second public health act

A

1875

22
Q

when did joseph lister discover the antiseptic properties of carbolic spray

A

1867

23
Q

by how much did carbolic spray reduce surgery mortality

A

from 46% to 15% in 3 years

24
Q

when was the first major cardiac surgery performed

A

1896

25
Q

what was one reason as to why there way opposition to lister’s antiseptic method

A

some people believed that it slowed the procedure down

26
Q

what were some features of aseptic surgery in the 1890s

A

-use of steam sterilised instruments
-surgeons wore sterilised gowns, rubber gloves and face masks

27
Q

when did koch identify the TB bacterium

A

1882

28
Q

what was pasteur’s first successful human vaccine and when was it produced

A

rabies 1885

29
Q

what anaesthetics were used in the early 19th century

A

nitrous oxide and ether

30
Q

when did james simpson discover chloroform’s anaesthetic properties

A

1847

31
Q

why was there a 20 year ‘black period’ in surgery following the discovery of chloroform

A

doctors would attempt more invasive surgery with patients unconscious leading to blood loss and infection, causing death rates to go up

32
Q

what two main things did florence nightingale improve in crimean hospitals

A

-sanitation- strict hygiene rules were enforced (patients washed, bedding changed)
-ventilation- clean air was allowed to circulate

33
Q

when did florence nightingale go to crimea

A

1854

34
Q

by how much did florence nightingale reduce the death rates in crimean hospitals

A

from 40% to 2%

35
Q

when did florence nightingale publish notes for nursing

A

1859

36
Q

when did florence nightingale set up her school for nursing

A

1860

37
Q

when was the great stink

A

1858

38
Q

when did joseph bazalgette design london’s sewage system and when was it finished

A

1858,1875

39
Q

what was the impact of the new sewage system

A

cholera cases went down

40
Q

what was the initial attitude from the government towards public health in the 19th century

A

laissez-faire- they didn’t want to intervene

history medicine revision 2023 (7 decks)

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