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Y11 - Medicine and WW1 > Modern Day > Flashcards

Modern Day Flashcards

c1900 - present day

1
Q

What did Archibald Garrod theorise?

A

In 1902 he theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways

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2
Q

What and when was the work of Rosalind Franklin?

A

1951 she photographed DNA

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3
Q

What and when was the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

A

1953 Watson and Crick published a paper proving understanding of its structure meaning that DNA causing hereditary diseases could be explored

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4
Q

When was the launch of the Human Genome Project?

A

1990

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5
Q

When was the mapping of the Human Genome completed and what was the effect?

A

2000
Scientists could use the blueprint of a human’s DNA to look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases

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6
Q

What are 4 common technologies used for diagnosis of disease in the 21st century?

A
  • MRI scans
  • ultrasound scans
  • x-rays
  • blood tests
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7
Q

When were blood tests first used?

A

1930s

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8
Q

What is the purpose of blood tests?

A

to test for an enormous number of conditions without the need for invasive diagnosis methods

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9
Q

When were MRI scans first used?

A

1970s

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10
Q

How do MRI scans detect disease or injury?

A

They use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body.

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11
Q

What are MRI scans best suited to detect?

A

Soft tissue injuries such as ligament damage

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12
Q

When were X-Rays first used?

A

1890s

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13
Q

What is the purpose of X-Rays?

A

to see inside the body without cutting into it

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14
Q

When were ultrasound scans first used?

A

1940s

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15
Q

How do ultrasound scans detect faults?

A

They use sound waves to build up a picture inside of the body

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16
Q

What are ultrasounds useful for diagnosing?

A
  • Gallstones
  • Kidney stones
  • Also useful in pregnancies
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17
Q

How did the government change during the modern world?

A

They took a more active role in supporting the public health of the population

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18
Q

What was the importance of Paul Ehrlich?

A

Led the research team that discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606 in 1909 that cured syphilis

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19
Q

What was the importance of Alexander Fleming?

A

discovered mould that killed the germ staphylococcus in 1928

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20
Q

What was the importance of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

A

They took Fleming’s research and investigated further, discovering penicillin could kill infections inside the body. They gained US support for mass production of the drug

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21
Q

When was prontosil discovered and what was it?

A

1932, it cured blood poisoning

22
Q

What was the first true antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

23
Q

What were 3 examples of vaccinations introduced in the 20th century?

A

1940s - diphtheria
1950s - whooping cough
1960s - tetanus

24
Q

What is a primary example of access to care improving in the 20th century?

A

The NHS being set up in 1948

25
Q

What happened to hospitals in the 20th century?

A

Became cleaner, more sophisticated and more high tech because of the acceptance of aseptic procedures, better science, technology and better training of staff

26
Q

By what date were NHS hospitals throughout the UK?

A

By the 1960s

27
Q

Name 3 examples of new types of surgery in the modern world?

A

Microsurgery
Keyhole surgery
Robotic surgery

28
Q

What did microsurgery make possible and why?

A

first kidney transplant
first lung transplant
first heart transplant
because it is needed to reattach tiny nerve endings and blood vessels

29
Q

What is keyhole surgery?

A

Where tiny cameras and narrow surgical instruments allow surgeons to operate and make incisions from some distance away

30
Q

What are the advantages to keyhole surgery?

A

They lead to less trauma and quicker healing times

31
Q

When do surgeons use robotic surgery?

A

When precision is of total importance eg brain surgeries

32
Q

Define a welfare state

A

When the government commits to fully taking care of the health of the people

33
Q

When did britain become a welfare state?

A

The middle of the 20th century

34
Q

What was the importance of William Beveridge?

A

He wrote a report in 1942 that inspired the creation of the NHS and welfare state

35
Q

What were the factors influencing the speed of change in the 20th century?

A

War

Attitudes in society

36
Q

Which wars affected the speed of change in the 1900s?

A

1902 Boer War
1918 Aftermath of WW1
1945 Aftermath of WW2

37
Q

How did the Boer War affect change?

A

Soldiers couldn’t be recruited because of malnutrition

38
Q

How did the aftermath of WW1 affect change?

A

Lots of soldiers returned injured and sick lead to campaigns forcing the government to provide more shelter and funding for those who could no longer work

39
Q

How did the aftermath of WW2 affect change?

A

The destruction of Britain led to Labour being voted in who promised big spendings on healthcare by the government

40
Q

What were the clean air acts triggered by?

A

Bad outbreaks of smog in London in 1950s

41
Q

What were the 2 new approaches to the prevention of disease in the modern world?

A

Laws and lifestyle advice

42
Q

Name 3 examples of laws put in place in the modern world

A
  • clean air acts
  • limiting car emissions
  • smoking in public places ban (2007)
43
Q

Name 2 examples of lifestyle advice introduced in the modern world

A
  • advertising against smoking, binge drinking, unprotected sex and drug use
  • change 4 life
44
Q

What is the change4life campaign?

A

A campaign encouraging people to eat healthier

45
Q

What percent of people with lung cancer smoke?

A

85%

46
Q

Name 4 examples of science and technology that have been useful in the fight against lung cancer in the 20th century?

A
  • transplants
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • genetic research
47
Q

Define chemotherapy

A

flooding the body with chemicals in order to kill harmful cells

48
Q

Define radiotherapy

A

Concentrated waves of radiation that interrupt the growth of tumours

49
Q

How has the government tried to influence and change smoking behaviours over time?

A
  • 1960s, ban on TV adverts on cigarettes
  • 2005, ban on cigarette advertising
  • 2007, smoking in public places ban
  • 2007, legal age of buying tobacco raised to 18
  • gradual increase on taxes on tobacco
  • putting pictures of diseased lungs on packets
  • 2012, ban on displaying cigarettes in shops
50
Q

What are the 5 factors that influenced the rapid change in the modern world?

A
  • science
  • technology
  • attitudes in society
  • war
  • government

Y11 - Medicine and WW1 (5 decks)

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