Modern Day Flashcards
c1900 - present day
What did Archibald Garrod theorise?
In 1902 he theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways
What and when was the work of Rosalind Franklin?
1951 she photographed DNA
What and when was the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?
1953 Watson and Crick published a paper proving understanding of its structure meaning that DNA causing hereditary diseases could be explored
When was the launch of the Human Genome Project?
1990
When was the mapping of the Human Genome completed and what was the effect?
2000
Scientists could use the blueprint of a human’s DNA to look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases
What are 4 common technologies used for diagnosis of disease in the 21st century?
- MRI scans
- ultrasound scans
- x-rays
- blood tests
When were blood tests first used?
1930s
What is the purpose of blood tests?
to test for an enormous number of conditions without the need for invasive diagnosis methods
When were MRI scans first used?
1970s
How do MRI scans detect disease or injury?
They use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body.
What are MRI scans best suited to detect?
Soft tissue injuries such as ligament damage
When were X-Rays first used?
1890s
What is the purpose of X-Rays?
to see inside the body without cutting into it
When were ultrasound scans first used?
1940s
How do ultrasound scans detect faults?
They use sound waves to build up a picture inside of the body
What are ultrasounds useful for diagnosing?
- Gallstones
- Kidney stones
- Also useful in pregnancies
How did the government change during the modern world?
They took a more active role in supporting the public health of the population
What was the importance of Paul Ehrlich?
Led the research team that discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606 in 1909 that cured syphilis
What was the importance of Alexander Fleming?
discovered mould that killed the germ staphylococcus in 1928
What was the importance of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?
They took Fleming’s research and investigated further, discovering penicillin could kill infections inside the body. They gained US support for mass production of the drug
When was prontosil discovered and what was it?
1932, it cured blood poisoning
What was the first true antibiotic?
Penicillin
What were 3 examples of vaccinations introduced in the 20th century?
1940s - diphtheria
1950s - whooping cough
1960s - tetanus
What is a primary example of access to care improving in the 20th century?
The NHS being set up in 1948
What happened to hospitals in the 20th century?
Became cleaner, more sophisticated and more high tech because of the acceptance of aseptic procedures, better science, technology and better training of staff
By what date were NHS hospitals throughout the UK?
By the 1960s
Name 3 examples of new types of surgery in the modern world?
Microsurgery
Keyhole surgery
Robotic surgery
What did microsurgery make possible and why?
first kidney transplant
first lung transplant
first heart transplant
because it is needed to reattach tiny nerve endings and blood vessels
What is keyhole surgery?
Where tiny cameras and narrow surgical instruments allow surgeons to operate and make incisions from some distance away
What are the advantages to keyhole surgery?
They lead to less trauma and quicker healing times
When do surgeons use robotic surgery?
When precision is of total importance eg brain surgeries
Define a welfare state
When the government commits to fully taking care of the health of the people
When did britain become a welfare state?
The middle of the 20th century
What was the importance of William Beveridge?
He wrote a report in 1942 that inspired the creation of the NHS and welfare state
What were the factors influencing the speed of change in the 20th century?
War
Attitudes in society
Which wars affected the speed of change in the 1900s?
1902 Boer War
1918 Aftermath of WW1
1945 Aftermath of WW2
How did the Boer War affect change?
Soldiers couldn’t be recruited because of malnutrition
How did the aftermath of WW1 affect change?
Lots of soldiers returned injured and sick lead to campaigns forcing the government to provide more shelter and funding for those who could no longer work
How did the aftermath of WW2 affect change?
The destruction of Britain led to Labour being voted in who promised big spendings on healthcare by the government
What were the clean air acts triggered by?
Bad outbreaks of smog in London in 1950s
What were the 2 new approaches to the prevention of disease in the modern world?
Laws and lifestyle advice
Name 3 examples of laws put in place in the modern world
- clean air acts
- limiting car emissions
- smoking in public places ban (2007)
Name 2 examples of lifestyle advice introduced in the modern world
- advertising against smoking, binge drinking, unprotected sex and drug use
- change 4 life
What is the change4life campaign?
A campaign encouraging people to eat healthier
What percent of people with lung cancer smoke?
85%
Name 4 examples of science and technology that have been useful in the fight against lung cancer in the 20th century?
- transplants
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- genetic research
Define chemotherapy
flooding the body with chemicals in order to kill harmful cells
Define radiotherapy
Concentrated waves of radiation that interrupt the growth of tumours
How has the government tried to influence and change smoking behaviours over time?
- 1960s, ban on TV adverts on cigarettes
- 2005, ban on cigarette advertising
- 2007, smoking in public places ban
- 2007, legal age of buying tobacco raised to 18
- gradual increase on taxes on tobacco
- putting pictures of diseased lungs on packets
- 2012, ban on displaying cigarettes in shops
What are the 5 factors that influenced the rapid change in the modern world?
- science
- technology
- attitudes in society
- war
- government