Modern Atomic Theory Flashcards
What is significant about orbitals? (2 things)
They are where electrons are found.
Each Orbital has a characteristic energy level
How does the amount of energy in an orbital change as the electrons get further away from the nucleus?
The amount of energy increases.
Which symbols describe the energy level and shape of an electron?
Quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and ms.
What are the four Quantum numbers?
n, l, ml, and ms.
What is the principal quantum number?
n. The energy level of electrons. (alternative way of showing electrons in orbitals).
What does the principal quantum number describe?
How far the electron is from the nucleus. (distance increases with value of n).
What is complicated about the principal quantum number?
Not all electrons in an energy shell/level are equivalent.
What is the second quantum number?
L. The Subshell type.
What does the second quantum number describe?
The shape of orbitals.
How does the value of n determine the possible L values?
l= n - 1
What are the letter designations of L?
0=S, 1=P, 2=D, 3=F, 4=G
How many subshell types would n=2 have?
2 (2s, 2p)
How many subshell types would n=4 have?
4 (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f)
What is the Magnetic Quantum Number?
ml. Orientation of orbital
What does the magnetic quantum number describe?
How an orbital is oriented in space relative to other orbitals.
How was the magnetic quantum number discovered?
Through the application of a magnetic field to a gas discharge tube. They found further splitting of emission lines.
How does the value of L affect the value of mL?
mL can equal -L to +L
How many possible orientations are in a p orbital?
3 (mL= -1, 0, or 1).
What is significant about the orientations of a certain orbital?
The possible orbitals would all have the same energy and shape.
How many orbitals would subshell type s have?
1 (mL=1)
How many orbitals would subshell type p have?
3 (mL= -1, 0, 1)
How many orbitals would subshell type d have?
5 (mL= -2, ,-1, 0, 1, 2)
How many orbitals would subshell type f have?
7 (mL= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3)
What is the spin quantum number?
ms. The orientation of electrons.
What does the spin quantum number describe?
The orientation of the 2 electrons in each subshell or suborbital.
How many orbitals can be in a subshell type?
MAX 2
What is the ms of a pair of electrons of opposite spin?
ms= +1/2, -1/2.
How is ms notated?
by arrows.
What is the general formula for the number of electrons in a shell?
2n^2.
How many electrons would there be in the 3rd energy level?
18
How many electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers?
ONLY ONE.
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Circle
What is the shape of a p orbital?
An 8
What is the shape of a d orbital?
A clover.
