modern atomic theory

Question 1

what are three ways in which the quantum model improves on Bohr’s model?

Answer 1

1. it can distinguish between energy differences within an energy level
2. it better reflects the uncertainty of electrons’ position
3. it can be explained entirely mathematically by the wave equation

Question 2

thomson

Answer 2

discovered electrons (through the cathode ray experiment)

Question 3

rutherford

Answer 3

discovered the nucleus (through the gold foil experiment)

Question 4

bohr

Answer 4

discovered energy levels (best evidence line emission spectra)

Question 5

bohr/shroedinger

Answer 5

introduced quantum (cloud) model

Question 6

aufbau principle

Answer 6

when filling an atom with electrons, you always start with the lowest energy orbitals and gradually move to higher energy levels (“building up”)

Question 7

hund’s rule

Answer 7

fill orbitals singly first, then start pairing

Question 8

pauli exclusion principle

Answer 8

(1) no more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital
(2) two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins

Question 9

how do excited states work?

Answer 9

electrons gain energy to move to higher position in the Aufbau sequence and release energy when they return to ground state

Question 10

how are noble gas electron configurations formed?

Answer 10

positive ions lose electrons and negative ions gain electrons

Question 11

filling capacity of s sublevel

Answer 11

2 electons

Question 12

filling capacity of p sublevel

Answer 12

6 electrons

Question 13

filling capacity of d sublevel

Answer 13

10 electrons

Question 14

filling capacity of f sublevel

Answer 14

14 electrons

Question 15

how many orbitals in s sublevel?

Answer 15

1

Question 16

how many orbitals in p sublevel?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

how many orbitals in d sublevel?

Answer 17

5

Question 18

how many orbitals in f sublevel?

Answer 18

7