Modern (1900 - Present)

Question 1

When did Crick and Watson discover the structure of DNA (they also proved that genes were hereditary)

Answer 1

1953

Question 2

Who took the first x-ray photograph of a DNA molecule

Answer 2

Rosalind Franklin

Question 3

What treatments stemmed from Crick and Watson’s work

Answer 3

Gene therapy and stem cell research (this could be used to prevent a range of hereditary diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes

Question 4

What was the human genome project

Answer 4

In 1986, the human genome project’s aim was to identify the purpose of each gene in the human body, they completed the map of the human genome in 2001. This was vital to understand the causes of genetic diseases. We are now able to identify the specific alleles for down syndrome, parkisons, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, etc.

Question 5

When was the first magic bullet

Answer 5

1914

Question 6

What was the first magic bullet called

Answer 6

Salvarsan 606 (this was used to treat syphilis)

Question 7

When was the second magic bullet

Answer 7

1932

Question 8

What was the second magic bullet called

Answer 8

Prontosilin (this was used to kill bacteria that caused blood poisoning. Doctors discovered that Sulphonamide was the main ingredient and was used to make new drugs for gonorrhea, pneumonia and scarlet fever. Postnatal infection dropped from 20% to 5%

Question 9

When did Alexander Flemming discover Penicillin (the first antibiotic)

Answer 9

1928

Question 10

When did Florey and Chain create a pure penicillin that could kill bacteria inside the body, like septicemia

Answer 10

1938

Question 11

During WW2, who did Florey convice to invest $20 million to mass produce penicillin

Answer 11

Andrew Moyer

Question 12

How many doses of penicillin was used during WW2

Answer 12

2.3 million doses

Question 13

what percentage of soldiers extra would’ve died if it were not for penicllin

Answer 13

15%

Question 14

When was the NHS (national health service) formed

Answer 14

1948

Question 15

When was the Beveridge report

Answer 15

A report that William berveridge wrote to identify how to improve the public’s lives

Question 16

What were the five metaphorical giants that Beveridge say that the government needed to slay

Answer 16

-Squalor (poor housing)
-ignorance (poor education)
-want (poverty)
-idleness (unemployment)
-disease (poor health)

Question 17

What were beveride’s two main recommendations for the slaying these giants

Answer 17

-A national health service - free for everyone, paid for by taxes
-Universal national insurance - everyone who worked who contribute some their wages back into the overall benefit of society

Question 18

How many copies of the beveridge report were sold

Answer 18

600,000

Question 19

Who Aneurin Bevan

Answer 19

a new health minister who said that medical treatment should be made available to anyone. Due to his persuasion and hard work, the NHS was created in 1948

Question 20

How many people had not seen a doctor before the creation of the NHS

Answer 20

8 million

Question 21

From 1948 to 2019, what was the increase in life expectancy of the average UK citizen

Answer 21

from 68 to 80

Question 22

What were some of the new ways that alowed us to test and diagnose disease

Answer 22

-Blood tests, a biopsy (sample) of human tissue could be used to identify disease
-Blood sugar monitoring (diabetes)
-CT scans (diagnose tumors and other cancer growths)
-MRI scans (diagnose internal tissue and possible ligament damage)
-ECGS (echocardiograms to track heart activity - used after a patient has a heart attack)
-Ultrasounds (picture inside body to diagnose kidney stones and the activity of a foetus)
-X-rays (from the 1890’s - William Rontgen helped us to diagnose broken bones)
-Endoscopes (small cameras to monitor problems with the digestive system)

Question 23

What were some of the new changes in surgery to give us modern treatments

Answer 23

-Keyhole surgery (small instruments to cause minimal damage to the body)
-Microsurgery (allowed nerve ending and blood vessels to be reattached - first kidney transplant in 1956)
-Robotic surgery (use computers for more precise surgery - often used in brain surgery)
-Machines (pacemakers perform the functions of a heart if it is not working properly)
-Gene therapy (stem cells to cure genetic diseases)
-Robotics (prosthetic limbs to help amputees)

Question 24

What are some of the new methods that the government used for prevention of disease

Answer 24

-Compulsory vaccinations
-screening for genetic disease during pregnancy
-communicating health risks
-charities

Question 25

When was the first vaccination campaign against diphtheria

Answer 25

1942

Question 26

What vaccinations have been introduced from vaccination campaigns

Answer 26

-Polio (1956)
-Tenatus (1961)
-Measles (1968)
-Rubella (1970)

Question 27

When did the government ban smoking inside all public buildings

Answer 27

2007

Question 28

What are some of the government lifestyle campaigns

Answer 28

-Advertising campaigns (warning the dangers of: smoking, drinking, drugs and unprotected sex
-‘Stoptober’ - encourage people to not smoke for the whole month of october
-‘sugar smart’ and ‘5-a-day’ - encourages families to eat healthier