Modern (1900 - Present) Flashcards
When did Crick and Watson discover the structure of DNA (they also proved that genes were hereditary)
1953
Who took the first x-ray photograph of a DNA molecule
Rosalind Franklin
What treatments stemmed from Crick and Watson’s work
Gene therapy and stem cell research (this could be used to prevent a range of hereditary diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes
What was the human genome project
In 1986, the human genome project’s aim was to identify the purpose of each gene in the human body, they completed the map of the human genome in 2001. This was vital to understand the causes of genetic diseases. We are now able to identify the specific alleles for down syndrome, parkisons, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, etc.
When was the first magic bullet
1914
What was the first magic bullet called
Salvarsan 606 (this was used to treat syphilis)
When was the second magic bullet
1932
What was the second magic bullet called
Prontosilin (this was used to kill bacteria that caused blood poisoning. Doctors discovered that Sulphonamide was the main ingredient and was used to make new drugs for gonorrhea, pneumonia and scarlet fever. Postnatal infection dropped from 20% to 5%
When did Alexander Flemming discover Penicillin (the first antibiotic)
1928
When did Florey and Chain create a pure penicillin that could kill bacteria inside the body, like septicemia
1938
During WW2, who did Florey convice to invest $20 million to mass produce penicillin
Andrew Moyer
How many doses of penicillin was used during WW2
2.3 million doses
what percentage of soldiers extra would’ve died if it were not for penicllin
15%
When was the NHS (national health service) formed
1948
When was the Beveridge report
A report that William berveridge wrote to identify how to improve the public’s lives
What were the five metaphorical giants that Beveridge say that the government needed to slay
-Squalor (poor housing)
-ignorance (poor education)
-want (poverty)
-idleness (unemployment)
-disease (poor health)
What were beveride’s two main recommendations for the slaying these giants
-A national health service - free for everyone, paid for by taxes
-Universal national insurance - everyone who worked who contribute some their wages back into the overall benefit of society
How many copies of the beveridge report were sold
600,000
Who Aneurin Bevan
a new health minister who said that medical treatment should be made available to anyone. Due to his persuasion and hard work, the NHS was created in 1948
How many people had not seen a doctor before the creation of the NHS
8 million
From 1948 to 2019, what was the increase in life expectancy of the average UK citizen
from 68 to 80
What were some of the new ways that alowed us to test and diagnose disease
-Blood tests, a biopsy (sample) of human tissue could be used to identify disease
-Blood sugar monitoring (diabetes)
-CT scans (diagnose tumors and other cancer growths)
-MRI scans (diagnose internal tissue and possible ligament damage)
-ECGS (echocardiograms to track heart activity - used after a patient has a heart attack)
-Ultrasounds (picture inside body to diagnose kidney stones and the activity of a foetus)
-X-rays (from the 1890’s - William Rontgen helped us to diagnose broken bones)
-Endoscopes (small cameras to monitor problems with the digestive system)
What were some of the new changes in surgery to give us modern treatments
-Keyhole surgery (small instruments to cause minimal damage to the body)
-Microsurgery (allowed nerve ending and blood vessels to be reattached - first kidney transplant in 1956)
-Robotic surgery (use computers for more precise surgery - often used in brain surgery)
-Machines (pacemakers perform the functions of a heart if it is not working properly)
-Gene therapy (stem cells to cure genetic diseases)
-Robotics (prosthetic limbs to help amputees)
What are some of the new methods that the government used for prevention of disease
-Compulsory vaccinations
-screening for genetic disease during pregnancy
-communicating health risks
-charities
