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Sensory Development > Moderate Climate Whites > Flashcards

Moderate Climate Whites Flashcards

1
Q

Sugar Scale

A

Bone Dry <2g
Dry 2-10g
Off Dry 11-20g
Medium Sweet 20-40g
Sweet 40-160g

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2
Q

Esters and Thiols are products of what?

A

Fermentation

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3
Q

What are phenols?

A

A large family of chemical compounds found in various forms, residing in the skins, pulp, and seeds of plants.

Phenols can affect the flavor and characteristics of wines.

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4
Q

How do certain phenols affect white wines?

A

They can add bitterness, specifically tannin, to the wine.

Tannins are a type of phenolic compound that contribute to the mouthfeel and complexity of wine.

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5
Q

Which grape varieties are known for distinctive phenolic bitterness?

A
  • Viognier
  • Marsanne
  • Torrontes
  • Gewurztraminer
  • Albarino
  • Pinot Grigio
  • Gruner Veltliner

These grape varieties are particularly noted for their phenolic characteristics that contribute to bitterness.

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6
Q

What is the process of keeping wine in contact with dead yeast cells called?

A

Sur lie aging

This technique is used primarily in white wine production.

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7
Q

Name a classic example of wine that undergoes sur lie aging.

A

Champagne

Muscadet is also a classic example.

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8
Q

List other types of white wines that can benefit from sur lie aging.

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Grigio
  • Albarino
  • Gruner Veltliner

These varieties can develop additional complexity through this aging process.

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9
Q

What are some flavors added to wine through sur lie aging?

A
  • Stale beer
  • Biscuit
  • Bread dough
  • Nuttiness
  • Vanilla
  • Spice
  • Mild floral notes like acacia flower

These flavors contribute to the overall texture and profile of the wine.

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10
Q

True or False: Heavy stirring of the lees can produce aromas of cheese rind and sour cream.

A

True

This technique can enhance the aromatic complexity of the wine.

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11
Q

What effect does sur lie aging have on the texture of a wine?

A

It adds roundness to the wine

This is an important aspect of mouthfeel in winemaking.

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12
Q

What is Botrytis?

A

A fungus/mold that can develop on grapes

Botrytis is also known as noble rot.

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13
Q

What type of wines is Botrytis responsible for producing?

A

Some of the world’s great dessert wines (like Sauternes)

Sauternes is a famous dessert wine from the Bordeaux region of France.

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14
Q

In addition to dessert wines, on what types of wines can Botrytis be found?

A

Dry to off-dry wines such as:
* Pinot Gris from Alsace
* Riesling from Germany or Alsace
* Chenin Blanc from the Loire Valley

These wines may exhibit varying degrees of influence from Botrytis.

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15
Q

What effect does Botrytis have on the color of wine?

A

It can oxidize the color of the wine, making it a degree or two darker/more gold

This oxidation contributes to the visual appeal of certain wines.

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16
Q

What flavors and aromas can Botrytis impart to wine?

A

Flavors and aromas such as:
* Honey
* Saffron
* Honeysuckle
* Apricot
* Marmalade
* Ginger
* Button mushrooms
* Chamomile
* Caramel

These complex flavors contribute to the richness of the wines affected by Botrytis.

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17
Q

What is Malolactic Fermentation?

A

A secondary fermentation process that occurs in all red wines and some white wines

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18
Q

What is the primary function of Malolactic Fermentation?

A

To convert green malic acid into softer lactic acid

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19
Q

True or False: Malolactic Fermentation results in a significant increase in alcohol content.

A

False

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20
Q

What type of acid is converted during Malolactic Fermentation?

A

Green Malic Acid

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21
Q

What type of acid is produced from the conversion in Malolactic Fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Aromatic compounds resulting from Malolactic Fermentation include _______.

A

diacetyl

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23
Q

What aroma is commonly associated with diacetyl?

A

Butter or buttered popcorn

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24
Q

Can Malolactic Fermentation be applied to part of the wine or all of the wine?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What characteristic does Malolactic Fermentation give to the wine?

A

Softer, creamier, rounder profile

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26
Q

What is one effect of stainless steel vessels on wine?

A

No oxygen interplay with the wine

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27
Q

How do stainless steel vessels affect the fresh aromatics of the grape?

A

Preserves fresh aromatics of the grape

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28
Q

What aspect of fermentation can be controlled using stainless steel vessels?

A

Control over fermentation temperatures

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29
Q

What is the primary reason new oak is often avoided in winemaking?

A

New oak is expensive

New oak barrels can significantly increase production costs.

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30
Q

What flavors can new oak impart to wine?

A

New oak can impart flavors of:
* vanilla
* baking spices
* toast
* dill
* coconut
* sawdust

These flavors enhance the complexity of the wine.

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31
Q

How does the size and type of barrel affect wine aging?

A

Different sizes of barrels and types of oak can be used in varying degrees by the winemaker. Small new barrel gives more flavour than a large old barrel.

The choice of barrel influences the flavor and texture of the wine.

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32
Q

Is oak aging more common for red or white wines?

A

Oak aging is more often used for red wines

Some white wines, like Chardonnay, can also undergo oak aging, but it’s not universal.

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: Oak aging is more often used for _______ wines.

A

red

While some white wines can also be aged in oak, red wines predominantly use this method.

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34
Q

True or False: All white wines benefit from oak aging.

A

False

Not all white wines utilize oak aging; it is more common in certain varieties.

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35
Q

What is the primary characteristic of the Torrontes grape?

A

Fresh and aromatic varietal

Torrontes is known for its vibrant aromas.

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36
Q

Which flavors are commonly associated with Torrontes?

A

Peach, apricot, rose, lilac, and lemon zest

These flavors contribute to its aromatic profile.

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37
Q

What is the acidity level of Torrontes?

A

Medium acid

Acidity can increase in very high altitude conditions.

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38
Q

How does altitude affect the freshness of Torrontes?

A

Can become fresher in very high altitude

High altitudes can enhance the grape’s acidity and freshness.

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39
Q

Does Torrontes typically see oak aging?

A

Rarely sees oak

Oak aging is avoided to maintain its fresh characteristics.

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40
Q

What is the most common variety of Torrontes?

A

Riojana

Riojana is the predominant variety found in Argentina.

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41
Q

When is Torrontes best consumed?

A

Drink young and fresh

It is recommended to enjoy Torrontes soon after production.

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42
Q

Where is Torrontes predominantly grown?

A

Argentina

It is often cultivated in high-altitude regions to enhance its qualities.

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43
Q

What type of wines can Semillon produce?

A

Dry to sweet wines

Semillon is versatile and can create a range of wine styles.

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44
Q

What flavor notes are commonly associated with Semillon?

A

Citrus, tropical, peach, and honey

These notes contribute to the wine’s complexity and appeal.

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45
Q

What is the typical acidity level of Semillon?

A

Moderate to low acidity

This characteristic influences the wine’s taste and aging potential.

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46
Q

What color can Semillon wines take on, particularly when sweet?

A

Gold

Sweet Semillon wines, such as those from Sauternes, often exhibit a golden hue.

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47
Q

Which grape is Semillon commonly blended with?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

This blend is popular in various wine regions, enhancing flavor and aroma.

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48
Q

In which famous French region is Semillon primarily used for dry white wines?

A

Bordeaux

Semillon is a key grape in the Bordeaux region, especially in Graves.

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49
Q

What famous sweet wine is Semillon known for in Bordeaux?

A

Sauternes

Sauternes is renowned for its rich, sweet wines made from Semillon.

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50
Q

Where else is Semillon notably grown besides Bordeaux?

A

Hunter Valley

Hunter Valley, located near Sydney, is another significant area for Semillon production.

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51
Q

Where is the white wine grape Assyrtiko indigenous to?

A

Island of Santorini, Greece

Assyrtiko is a notable grape variety from the Santorini region, known for its unique terroir.

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52
Q

What are some tasting notes of Assyrtiko?

A

Lime, passion fruit, beeswax, flint, saline

These notes contribute to the complexity and character of Assyrtiko wines.

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53
Q

What characteristic does Assyrtiko exhibit even in ripe years?

A

High acidity

High acidity is a defining trait of Assyrtiko, making it refreshing and suitable for aging.

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54
Q

What type of soil does Assyrtiko thrive in?

A

Volcanic soils

The volcanic soils of Santorini provide unique minerals that enhance the flavor profile of Assyrtiko.

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55
Q

How is Assyrtiko cultivated in Santorini?

A

Woven in little baskets hugging the ground

This traditional method helps protect the grapevines from harsh winds and retains moisture.

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56
Q

True or False: Assyrtiko has a strong mineral presence.

A

True

The mineral characteristics are a result of the volcanic soil and climate of Santorini.

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57
Q

What is a characteristic of Santorini’s rainfall?

A

Low rainfall

Despite low rainfall, the soil helps retain moisture.

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58
Q

How does the cool wind affect Santorini’s climate?

A

It brings down temperatures.

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59
Q

What effect do very low yields have on the wines produced in Santorini?

A

They help create intensity in the wines.

60
Q

Why are vines trained low in Santorini?

A

To protect from wind.

61
Q

What type of grape is Chardonnay considered?

A

Neutral grape variety on its own

Chardonnay is known for its versatility.

62
Q

How does Chardonnay showcase its characteristics?

A

Has the ability to showcase terroir & climate exceptionally well

Terroir refers to the environmental factors affecting a vineyard.

63
Q

What are common flavor notes found in Chardonnay?

A

Apple, pear, and can have tropical notes in warmer climates

Flavor profiles can vary based on climate and winemaking techniques.

64
Q

What type of acidity is characteristic of Chardonnay in cool climates?

A

Fresh acidity

Fresh acidity is crucial for balance in wine.

65
Q

Can Chardonnay undergo malolactic fermentation (MLF)?

A

Yes

MLF can soften the wine’s acidity and add creaminess.

66
Q

What is Sur lie aging in relation to Chardonnay?

A

Can have Sur lie Aging

Sur lie aging involves leaving the wine in contact with its lees, enhancing texture and flavor.

67
Q

What is Battonage?

A

Stirring of the lees

Battonage can enhance the wine’s creaminess and complexity.

68
Q

What are the oak aging options for Chardonnay?

A

Can have no oak, some oak, old oak, new oak

The choice of oak can influence the wine’s flavor and texture.

69
Q

What is Chardonnay often referred to as in winemaking?

A

Winemaker’s canvas

This reflects the grape’s versatility in winemaking styles.

70
Q

What are the characteristics of Burgundy Chardonnay?

A

Age worthy and complex examples

Burgundy Chardonnay is known for its ability to age well and develop complexity over time.

71
Q

What is a common aging method for top Chardonnay?

A

Often aged in new oak

Aging in new oak barrels can impart additional flavors and structure to the wine.

72
Q

Describe the flavor profile of Burgundy Chardonnay.

A

Mineral driven and flinty

The mineral notes often reflect the terroir of the Burgundy region.

73
Q

What technique is used to add texture to Chardonnay?

A

Lees stirring

Lees stirring, or bâtonnage, involves mixing the dead yeast cells with the wine to enhance creaminess and mouthfeel.

74
Q

What climate contributes to the characteristics of Burgundy Chardonnay?

A

Cool continental climate

The cool climate helps preserve acidity and freshness in the wine.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Top Chardonnay is often aged in _______.

76
Q

True or False: Burgundy Chardonnay is typically characterized by high acidity.

A

True

The cool climate of Burgundy contributes to the wine’s fresh acidity.

77
Q

What is Trichloroanisole (TCA) commonly known as?

A

Cork taint

TCA is a compound resulting from a mold found in cork bark and its reaction with cleansing agents used in cork production.

78
Q

What are the sensory characteristics of TCA in wine?

A

Notes of wet cardboard, musty basement, damp dog

At low levels, TCA can make the wine taste ‘dull’.

79
Q

What is oxidation in the context of wine faults?

A

Breakdown in color and flavor/aroma due to excessive oxygen exposure

Oxidized wines have muted, dried-out aromas, sometimes bitter flavors, and brown hues.

80
Q

What happens to wine if it undergoes excessive oxidation over time?

A

It can develop acetic acid and ultimately turn to vinegar

This is not the desired oxidation that occurs naturally over time.

81
Q

What is volatile acidity (VA) in wine?

A

Presence of acetic acid

VA is produced when acetobacter and oxygen are present during fermentation.

82
Q

What aromas and flavors can volatile acidity (VA) contribute to wine?

A

Aromas and flavors of vinegar or nail polish remover

In low levels, VA can positively contribute to the wine.

83
Q

In what type of wines is volatile acidity (VA) more commonly found?

A

Low acid, high pH wines

These conditions favor the production of acetic acid.

84
Q

What is Trichloroanisole (TCA) commonly known as?

A

Cork taint

TCA is a compound resulting from a mold found in cork bark and its reaction with cleansing agents used in cork production.

85
Q

What are the sensory characteristics of TCA in wine?

A

Notes of wet cardboard, musty basement, damp dog

At low levels, TCA can make the wine taste ‘dull’.

86
Q

What is oxidation in the context of wine faults?

A

Breakdown in color and flavor/aroma due to excessive oxygen exposure

Oxidized wines have muted, dried-out aromas, sometimes bitter flavors, and brown hues.

87
Q

What happens to wine if it undergoes excessive oxidation over time?

A

It can develop acetic acid and ultimately turn to vinegar

This is not the desired oxidation that occurs naturally over time.

88
Q

What is volatile acidity (VA) in wine?

A

Presence of acetic acid

VA is produced when acetobacter and oxygen are present during fermentation.

89
Q

What aromas and flavors can volatile acidity (VA) contribute to wine?

A

Aromas and flavors of vinegar or nail polish remover

In low levels, VA can positively contribute to the wine.

90
Q

In what type of wines is volatile acidity (VA) more commonly found?

A

Low acid, high pH wines

These conditions favor the production of acetic acid.

91
Q

What are the unpleasant aromas associated with excessive use of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in wine?

A
  • Burnt match
  • Metallic flavor
  • Bitter flavor
  • Prickly, tingling sensation in the nose

Excessive SO2 can significantly affect the sensory characteristics of wine.

92
Q

What is Brettanomyces commonly referred to as?

A

‘Brett’

Brettanomyces is a spoilage yeast known for its complex aroma contributions.

93
Q

What are some of the aromas associated with Brettanomyces?

A
  • Clove
  • Bacon
  • Cured meat
  • Barnyard
  • Band-aid
  • Iodine

These aromas can vary in intensity, and low doses may add interesting notes to wine.

94
Q

In which types of wines is Brettanomyces often found?

A

Traditionally made wines in France

Brettanomyces is more commonly encountered in certain traditional wine-making practices.

95
Q

What are the primary flavor notes of the Vermentino grape?

A

Lime, Grapefruit, Green Apple, Herbaceous, Almond, Daffodil

These flavor notes contribute to the wine’s aromatic profile.

96
Q

What is the acidity level of Vermentino?

A

Medium plus acidity

This level of acidity influences the wine’s freshness and balance.

97
Q

Can Vermentino be oaked?

A

Yes, it can be oaked or not oaked

The choice of oak aging can affect the wine’s flavor and texture.

98
Q

What is Malolactic conversion in relation to Vermentino?

A

It can have Malolactic conversion or not

This process can soften the wine’s acidity and add creaminess.

99
Q

Describe the texture of Vermentino.

A

Oily texture

This characteristic can enhance the mouthfeel of the wine.

100
Q

What unique characteristic does Vermentino have?

A

Salinity

Salinity can add a refreshing quality to the wine, often associated with coastal regions.

101
Q

Where is Vermentino primarily grown?

A

Sardinia, Tuscany, Piedmonte

Each region contributes different characteristics to the grape.

102
Q

What is the only DOCG for Vermentino in Sardinia?

A

Vermentino di Gallura DOCG

DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, indicating the highest quality classification.

103
Q

What is another name for Vermentino when grown in Provence?

A

Rolle

Rolle is often used in Rosé blends in the Provence region.

104
Q

What color are wines made from the Viognier grape?

A

Golden even yellow intensely coloured wines

Viognier wines are known for their distinctive golden hue.

105
Q

Describe the body and texture of Viognier wines.

A

Can be rich, oily and full bodied

Viognier wines often have a luxurious mouthfeel.

106
Q

What are common aromatic notes found in Viognier wines?

A

Jasmine and honey suckle

These fragrances contribute to the wine’s appealing bouquet.

107
Q

What types of fruit flavors are typically present in Viognier wines?

A

Tree fruit, peaches and apricots, and tropical fruit

These fruit notes enhance the wine’s complexity.

108
Q

Can Viognier wines be oak aged?

A

Yes

Oak aging can add additional layers of flavor and texture.

109
Q

In which famous wine region is Viognier predominantly grown?

A

Northern Rhône Valley in France

This region is known for producing high-quality Viognier wines.

110
Q

What is the AOC for Viognier in Northern Rhône?

A

Condrieu

Condrieu is a prestigious appellation known for its exceptional Viognier wines.

111
Q

How long can Viognier wines from Condrieu age?

A

Can age for 10 years

Proper storage conditions can enhance the aging potential of these wines.

112
Q

Where else is Viognier found besides France?

A

California

California produces its own styles of oak-aged Viognier.

113
Q

What are the typical characteristics of Viognier wines regarding acidity and alcohol in warm climates?

A

Dry, natural low acid and high alcohol

Warm climates can lead to higher sugar levels, resulting in elevated alcohol content.

114
Q

What is Grenache Blanc prone to?

A

Oxidation

This characteristic can affect the wine’s flavor and longevity.

115
Q

What flavors are typically found in Grenache Blanc?

A

Citrus, herbaceous, and tropical green fruits

These flavors contribute to its aromatic profile.

116
Q

What are the typical alcohol and acidity levels in Grenache Blanc?

A

Naturally high alcohol and lower acidity

This balance can influence the wine’s mouthfeel and taste.

117
Q

Is Grenache Blanc often blended with other grapes?

A

Yes

Blending can enhance complexity and balance in the wine.

118
Q

When oaked, Grenache Blanc can be very _______.

A

[plush like Chardonnay]

Oaking adds richness and depth to the wine’s flavor profile.

119
Q

What are the primary grape varieties used in Chateauneuf du Pape blends?

A

Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc

Other varieties include Clairette Rose, Grenache Gris, Picardan Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, and Piquepoul Gris.

120
Q

True or False: Chateauneuf du Pape wines can age for more than 10 years.

A

True

Best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape can age for over 10 years.

121
Q

Fill in the blank: Chateauneuf du Pape can be blends such as _______.

A

Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc

122
Q

What is a notable characteristic of the best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

They can age 10 years plus

This aging potential contributes to the complexity and depth of the wine.

123
Q

What are the primary grape varieties used in Chateauneuf du Pape blends?

A

Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc

Other varieties include Clairette Rose, Grenache Gris, Picardan Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, and Piquepoul Gris.

124
Q

True or False: Chateauneuf du Pape wines can age for more than 10 years.

A

True

Best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape can age for over 10 years.

125
Q

Fill in the blank: Chateauneuf du Pape can be blends such as _______.

A

Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc

126
Q

What is a notable characteristic of the best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

They can age 10 years plus

This aging potential contributes to the complexity and depth of the wine.

127
Q

What is a characteristic flavor profile of Marsanne?

A

Deep coloured, rich, oily, spice, pear and quince with nuttiness

Marsanne is known for its distinctive flavors and aromas.

128
Q

What is the alcohol content and acid level of Marsanne?

A

High in Alcohol and moderate acid

If the temperature is too high, Marsanne can become ‘flabby’.

129
Q

What type of oak treatment does Marsanne have an affinity for?

A

Oak treatment

This can enhance the flavor and texture of the wine.

130
Q

In which wine regions is Marsanne commonly grown?

A

Northern Rhone Valley, California, Savoie, Switzerland, Australia

Marsanne is versatile and cultivated in various wine-producing regions.

131
Q

What percentage of Hermitage is made up of Marsanne when blended with Roussane?

A

15%

Marsanne is blended with Roussane to create Hermitage and Hermitage Blanc.

132
Q

What are some synonyms or related terms for Marsanne?

A

Hermitage, Hermitage Blanc, St. Joseph

These terms are associated with the wines that include Marsanne.

133
Q

What is the color of Roussane grapes when ripe?

A

Russet color

Roussane grapes exhibit a russet color upon ripening.

134
Q

What are some flavor notes associated with Roussane?

A
  • Camomile
  • Apricot
  • Beeswax
  • Brioche
  • Honey
  • Tea

These notes contribute to the aromatic profile of Roussane.

135
Q

How does the climate affect the aroma of Roussane?

A

More aromatic in cooler climates, more rich in warm climates

The climate significantly influences the characteristics of Roussane.

136
Q

What is the body profile of Roussane wine?

A

Rich and full body

Roussane wines are known for their rich and full-bodied characteristics.

137
Q

What type of treatment can Roussane undergo?

A

Oak treatment

Roussane wines may often see oak treatment to enhance their flavor.

138
Q

What is a major drawback in the cultivation of Roussane?

A

Prone to oxidation

Roussane’s susceptibility to oxidation can affect its quality.

139
Q

What challenges does Roussane face in cultivation?

A
  • Prone to mildew
  • Not good with drought
  • Sensitive to wind

These challenges make Roussane rare and difficult to grow.

140
Q

In which regions is Roussane commonly grown?

A
  • Northern Rhone
  • USA
  • South Africa
  • Australia

These regions are known for cultivating Roussane grapes.

141
Q

What is the primary grape blend used in Other Whites of Northern Rhone?

A

Marsanne/Roussanne

These two grape varieties are often blended to create high-quality white wines.

142
Q

Name three notable appellations included in Other Whites of Northern Rhone.

A
  • Hermitage
  • Crozes-Hermitage
  • Saint-Joseph

These appellations are recognized for producing exceptional white wines.

143
Q

What is the aging potential of the best examples of Other Whites from Northern Rhone?

A

10-20 years

High-quality examples can continue to develop and improve over this timeframe.

144
Q

True or False: Other Whites of Northern Rhone are mostly of low quality.

A

False

They are mostly very high quality.

145
Q

Fill in the blank: Other Whites of Northern Rhone primarily consist of _______.

A

Marsanne/Roussanne blends

This blend is key to the region’s reputation for quality white wines.

Sensory Development (4 decks)

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