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Sensory Development > Moderate Climate Whites > Flashcards

Moderate Climate Whites Flashcards

1
Q

Sugar Scale

A

Bone Dry <2g
Dry 2-10g
Off Dry 11-20g
Medium Sweet 20-40g
Sweet 40-160g

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2
Q

Esters and Thiols are products of what?

A

Fermentation

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3
Q

What are phenols?

A

A large family of chemical compounds found in various forms, residing in the skins, pulp, and seeds of plants.

Phenols can affect the flavor and characteristics of wines.

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4
Q

How do certain phenols affect white wines?

A

They can add bitterness, specifically tannin, to the wine.

Tannins are a type of phenolic compound that contribute to the mouthfeel and complexity of wine.

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5
Q

Which grape varieties are known for distinctive phenolic bitterness?

A
  • Viognier
  • Marsanne
  • Torrontes
  • Gewurztraminer
  • Albarino
  • Pinot Grigio
  • Gruner Veltliner

These grape varieties are particularly noted for their phenolic characteristics that contribute to bitterness.

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6
Q

What is the process of keeping wine in contact with dead yeast cells called?

A

Sur lie aging

This technique is used primarily in white wine production.

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7
Q

Name a classic example of wine that undergoes sur lie aging.

A

Champagne

Muscadet is also a classic example.

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8
Q

List other types of white wines that can benefit from sur lie aging.

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Grigio
  • Albarino
  • Gruner Veltliner

These varieties can develop additional complexity through this aging process.

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9
Q

What are some flavors added to wine through sur lie aging?

A
  • Stale beer
  • Biscuit
  • Bread dough
  • Nuttiness
  • Vanilla
  • Spice
  • Mild floral notes like acacia flower

These flavors contribute to the overall texture and profile of the wine.

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10
Q

True or False: Heavy stirring of the lees can produce aromas of cheese rind and sour cream.

A

True

This technique can enhance the aromatic complexity of the wine.

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11
Q

What effect does sur lie aging have on the texture of a wine?

A

It adds roundness to the wine

This is an important aspect of mouthfeel in winemaking.

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12
Q

What is Botrytis?

A

A fungus/mold that can develop on grapes

Botrytis is also known as noble rot.

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13
Q

What type of wines is Botrytis responsible for producing?

A

Some of the world’s great dessert wines (like Sauternes)

Sauternes is a famous dessert wine from the Bordeaux region of France.

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14
Q

In addition to dessert wines, on what types of wines can Botrytis be found?

A

Dry to off-dry wines such as:
* Pinot Gris from Alsace
* Riesling from Germany or Alsace
* Chenin Blanc from the Loire Valley

These wines may exhibit varying degrees of influence from Botrytis.

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15
Q

What effect does Botrytis have on the color of wine?

A

It can oxidize the color of the wine, making it a degree or two darker/more gold

This oxidation contributes to the visual appeal of certain wines.

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16
Q

What flavors and aromas can Botrytis impart to wine?

A

Flavors and aromas such as:
* Honey
* Saffron
* Honeysuckle
* Apricot
* Marmalade
* Ginger
* Button mushrooms
* Chamomile
* Caramel

These complex flavors contribute to the richness of the wines affected by Botrytis.

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17
Q

What is Malolactic Fermentation?

A

A secondary fermentation process that occurs in all red wines and some white wines

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18
Q

What is the primary function of Malolactic Fermentation?

A

To convert green malic acid into softer lactic acid

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19
Q

True or False: Malolactic Fermentation results in a significant increase in alcohol content.

A

False

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20
Q

What type of acid is converted during Malolactic Fermentation?

A

Green Malic Acid

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21
Q

What type of acid is produced from the conversion in Malolactic Fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Aromatic compounds resulting from Malolactic Fermentation include _______.

A

diacetyl

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23
Q

What aroma is commonly associated with diacetyl?

A

Butter or buttered popcorn

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24
Q

Can Malolactic Fermentation be applied to part of the wine or all of the wine?

A

Yes

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25
What characteristic does Malolactic Fermentation give to the wine?
Softer, creamier, rounder profile
26
What is one effect of stainless steel vessels on wine?
No oxygen interplay with the wine
27
How do stainless steel vessels affect the fresh aromatics of the grape?
Preserves fresh aromatics of the grape
28
What aspect of fermentation can be controlled using stainless steel vessels?
Control over fermentation temperatures
29
What is the primary reason new oak is often avoided in winemaking?
New oak is expensive ## Footnote New oak barrels can significantly increase production costs.
30
What flavors can new oak impart to wine?
New oak can impart flavors of: * vanilla * baking spices * toast * dill * coconut * sawdust ## Footnote These flavors enhance the complexity of the wine.
31
How does the size and type of barrel affect wine aging?
Different sizes of barrels and types of oak can be used in varying degrees by the winemaker. Small new barrel gives more flavour than a large old barrel. ## Footnote The choice of barrel influences the flavor and texture of the wine.
32
Is oak aging more common for red or white wines?
Oak aging is more often used for red wines ## Footnote Some white wines, like Chardonnay, can also undergo oak aging, but it's not universal.
33
Fill in the blank: Oak aging is more often used for _______ wines.
red ## Footnote While some white wines can also be aged in oak, red wines predominantly use this method.
34
True or False: All white wines benefit from oak aging.
False ## Footnote Not all white wines utilize oak aging; it is more common in certain varieties.
35
What is the primary characteristic of the Torrontes grape?
Fresh and aromatic varietal ## Footnote Torrontes is known for its vibrant aromas.
36
Which flavors are commonly associated with Torrontes?
Peach, apricot, rose, lilac, and lemon zest ## Footnote These flavors contribute to its aromatic profile.
37
What is the acidity level of Torrontes?
Medium acid ## Footnote Acidity can increase in very high altitude conditions.
38
How does altitude affect the freshness of Torrontes?
Can become fresher in very high altitude ## Footnote High altitudes can enhance the grape's acidity and freshness.
39
Does Torrontes typically see oak aging?
Rarely sees oak ## Footnote Oak aging is avoided to maintain its fresh characteristics.
40
What is the most common variety of Torrontes?
Riojana ## Footnote Riojana is the predominant variety found in Argentina.
41
When is Torrontes best consumed?
Drink young and fresh ## Footnote It is recommended to enjoy Torrontes soon after production.
42
Where is Torrontes predominantly grown?
Argentina ## Footnote It is often cultivated in high-altitude regions to enhance its qualities.
43
What type of wines can Semillon produce?
Dry to sweet wines ## Footnote Semillon is versatile and can create a range of wine styles.
44
What flavor notes are commonly associated with Semillon?
Citrus, tropical, peach, and honey ## Footnote These notes contribute to the wine's complexity and appeal.
45
What is the typical acidity level of Semillon?
Moderate to low acidity ## Footnote This characteristic influences the wine's taste and aging potential.
46
What color can Semillon wines take on, particularly when sweet?
Gold ## Footnote Sweet Semillon wines, such as those from Sauternes, often exhibit a golden hue.
47
Which grape is Semillon commonly blended with?
Sauvignon Blanc ## Footnote This blend is popular in various wine regions, enhancing flavor and aroma.
48
In which famous French region is Semillon primarily used for dry white wines?
Bordeaux ## Footnote Semillon is a key grape in the Bordeaux region, especially in Graves.
49
What famous sweet wine is Semillon known for in Bordeaux?
Sauternes ## Footnote Sauternes is renowned for its rich, sweet wines made from Semillon.
50
Where else is Semillon notably grown besides Bordeaux?
Hunter Valley ## Footnote Hunter Valley, located near Sydney, is another significant area for Semillon production.
51
Where is the white wine grape Assyrtiko indigenous to?
Island of Santorini, Greece ## Footnote Assyrtiko is a notable grape variety from the Santorini region, known for its unique terroir.
52
What are some tasting notes of Assyrtiko?
Lime, passion fruit, beeswax, flint, saline ## Footnote These notes contribute to the complexity and character of Assyrtiko wines.
53
What characteristic does Assyrtiko exhibit even in ripe years?
High acidity ## Footnote High acidity is a defining trait of Assyrtiko, making it refreshing and suitable for aging.
54
What type of soil does Assyrtiko thrive in?
Volcanic soils ## Footnote The volcanic soils of Santorini provide unique minerals that enhance the flavor profile of Assyrtiko.
55
How is Assyrtiko cultivated in Santorini?
Woven in little baskets hugging the ground ## Footnote This traditional method helps protect the grapevines from harsh winds and retains moisture.
56
True or False: Assyrtiko has a strong mineral presence.
True ## Footnote The mineral characteristics are a result of the volcanic soil and climate of Santorini.
57
What is a characteristic of Santorini's rainfall?
Low rainfall ## Footnote Despite low rainfall, the soil helps retain moisture.
58
How does the cool wind affect Santorini's climate?
It brings down temperatures.
59
What effect do very low yields have on the wines produced in Santorini?
They help create intensity in the wines.
60
Why are vines trained low in Santorini?
To protect from wind.
61
What type of grape is Chardonnay considered?
Neutral grape variety on its own ## Footnote Chardonnay is known for its versatility.
62
How does Chardonnay showcase its characteristics?
Has the ability to showcase terroir & climate exceptionally well ## Footnote Terroir refers to the environmental factors affecting a vineyard.
63
What are common flavor notes found in Chardonnay?
Apple, pear, and can have tropical notes in warmer climates ## Footnote Flavor profiles can vary based on climate and winemaking techniques.
64
What type of acidity is characteristic of Chardonnay in cool climates?
Fresh acidity ## Footnote Fresh acidity is crucial for balance in wine.
65
Can Chardonnay undergo malolactic fermentation (MLF)?
Yes ## Footnote MLF can soften the wine's acidity and add creaminess.
66
What is Sur lie aging in relation to Chardonnay?
Can have Sur lie Aging ## Footnote Sur lie aging involves leaving the wine in contact with its lees, enhancing texture and flavor.
67
What is Battonage?
Stirring of the lees ## Footnote Battonage can enhance the wine's creaminess and complexity.
68
What are the oak aging options for Chardonnay?
Can have no oak, some oak, old oak, new oak ## Footnote The choice of oak can influence the wine's flavor and texture.
69
What is Chardonnay often referred to as in winemaking?
Winemaker's canvas ## Footnote This reflects the grape's versatility in winemaking styles.
70
What are the characteristics of Burgundy Chardonnay?
Age worthy and complex examples ## Footnote Burgundy Chardonnay is known for its ability to age well and develop complexity over time.
71
What is a common aging method for top Chardonnay?
Often aged in new oak ## Footnote Aging in new oak barrels can impart additional flavors and structure to the wine.
72
Describe the flavor profile of Burgundy Chardonnay.
Mineral driven and flinty ## Footnote The mineral notes often reflect the terroir of the Burgundy region.
73
What technique is used to add texture to Chardonnay?
Lees stirring ## Footnote Lees stirring, or bâtonnage, involves mixing the dead yeast cells with the wine to enhance creaminess and mouthfeel.
74
What climate contributes to the characteristics of Burgundy Chardonnay?
Cool continental climate ## Footnote The cool climate helps preserve acidity and freshness in the wine.
75
Fill in the blank: Top Chardonnay is often aged in _______.
new oak
76
True or False: Burgundy Chardonnay is typically characterized by high acidity.
True ## Footnote The cool climate of Burgundy contributes to the wine's fresh acidity.
77
What is Trichloroanisole (TCA) commonly known as?
Cork taint ## Footnote TCA is a compound resulting from a mold found in cork bark and its reaction with cleansing agents used in cork production.
78
What are the sensory characteristics of TCA in wine?
Notes of wet cardboard, musty basement, damp dog ## Footnote At low levels, TCA can make the wine taste 'dull'.
79
What is oxidation in the context of wine faults?
Breakdown in color and flavor/aroma due to excessive oxygen exposure ## Footnote Oxidized wines have muted, dried-out aromas, sometimes bitter flavors, and brown hues.
80
What happens to wine if it undergoes excessive oxidation over time?
It can develop acetic acid and ultimately turn to vinegar ## Footnote This is not the desired oxidation that occurs naturally over time.
81
What is volatile acidity (VA) in wine?
Presence of acetic acid ## Footnote VA is produced when acetobacter and oxygen are present during fermentation.
82
What aromas and flavors can volatile acidity (VA) contribute to wine?
Aromas and flavors of vinegar or nail polish remover ## Footnote In low levels, VA can positively contribute to the wine.
83
In what type of wines is volatile acidity (VA) more commonly found?
Low acid, high pH wines ## Footnote These conditions favor the production of acetic acid.
84
What is Trichloroanisole (TCA) commonly known as?
Cork taint ## Footnote TCA is a compound resulting from a mold found in cork bark and its reaction with cleansing agents used in cork production.
85
What are the sensory characteristics of TCA in wine?
Notes of wet cardboard, musty basement, damp dog ## Footnote At low levels, TCA can make the wine taste 'dull'.
86
What is oxidation in the context of wine faults?
Breakdown in color and flavor/aroma due to excessive oxygen exposure ## Footnote Oxidized wines have muted, dried-out aromas, sometimes bitter flavors, and brown hues.
87
What happens to wine if it undergoes excessive oxidation over time?
It can develop acetic acid and ultimately turn to vinegar ## Footnote This is not the desired oxidation that occurs naturally over time.
88
What is volatile acidity (VA) in wine?
Presence of acetic acid ## Footnote VA is produced when acetobacter and oxygen are present during fermentation.
89
What aromas and flavors can volatile acidity (VA) contribute to wine?
Aromas and flavors of vinegar or nail polish remover ## Footnote In low levels, VA can positively contribute to the wine.
90
In what type of wines is volatile acidity (VA) more commonly found?
Low acid, high pH wines ## Footnote These conditions favor the production of acetic acid.
91
What are the unpleasant aromas associated with excessive use of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in wine?
* Burnt match * Metallic flavor * Bitter flavor * Prickly, tingling sensation in the nose ## Footnote Excessive SO2 can significantly affect the sensory characteristics of wine.
92
What is Brettanomyces commonly referred to as?
'Brett' ## Footnote Brettanomyces is a spoilage yeast known for its complex aroma contributions.
93
What are some of the aromas associated with Brettanomyces?
* Clove * Bacon * Cured meat * Barnyard * Band-aid * Iodine ## Footnote These aromas can vary in intensity, and low doses may add interesting notes to wine.
94
In which types of wines is Brettanomyces often found?
Traditionally made wines in France ## Footnote Brettanomyces is more commonly encountered in certain traditional wine-making practices.
95
What are the primary flavor notes of the Vermentino grape?
Lime, Grapefruit, Green Apple, Herbaceous, Almond, Daffodil ## Footnote These flavor notes contribute to the wine's aromatic profile.
96
What is the acidity level of Vermentino?
Medium plus acidity ## Footnote This level of acidity influences the wine's freshness and balance.
97
Can Vermentino be oaked?
Yes, it can be oaked or not oaked ## Footnote The choice of oak aging can affect the wine's flavor and texture.
98
What is Malolactic conversion in relation to Vermentino?
It can have Malolactic conversion or not ## Footnote This process can soften the wine's acidity and add creaminess.
99
Describe the texture of Vermentino.
Oily texture ## Footnote This characteristic can enhance the mouthfeel of the wine.
100
What unique characteristic does Vermentino have?
Salinity ## Footnote Salinity can add a refreshing quality to the wine, often associated with coastal regions.
101
Where is Vermentino primarily grown?
Sardinia, Tuscany, Piedmonte ## Footnote Each region contributes different characteristics to the grape.
102
What is the only DOCG for Vermentino in Sardinia?
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG ## Footnote DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, indicating the highest quality classification.
103
What is another name for Vermentino when grown in Provence?
Rolle ## Footnote Rolle is often used in Rosé blends in the Provence region.
104
What color are wines made from the Viognier grape?
Golden even yellow intensely coloured wines ## Footnote Viognier wines are known for their distinctive golden hue.
105
Describe the body and texture of Viognier wines.
Can be rich, oily and full bodied ## Footnote Viognier wines often have a luxurious mouthfeel.
106
What are common aromatic notes found in Viognier wines?
Jasmine and honey suckle ## Footnote These fragrances contribute to the wine's appealing bouquet.
107
What types of fruit flavors are typically present in Viognier wines?
Tree fruit, peaches and apricots, and tropical fruit ## Footnote These fruit notes enhance the wine's complexity.
108
Can Viognier wines be oak aged?
Yes ## Footnote Oak aging can add additional layers of flavor and texture.
109
In which famous wine region is Viognier predominantly grown?
Northern Rhône Valley in France ## Footnote This region is known for producing high-quality Viognier wines.
110
What is the AOC for Viognier in Northern Rhône?
Condrieu ## Footnote Condrieu is a prestigious appellation known for its exceptional Viognier wines.
111
How long can Viognier wines from Condrieu age?
Can age for 10 years ## Footnote Proper storage conditions can enhance the aging potential of these wines.
112
Where else is Viognier found besides France?
California ## Footnote California produces its own styles of oak-aged Viognier.
113
What are the typical characteristics of Viognier wines regarding acidity and alcohol in warm climates?
Dry, natural low acid and high alcohol ## Footnote Warm climates can lead to higher sugar levels, resulting in elevated alcohol content.
114
What is Grenache Blanc prone to?
Oxidation ## Footnote This characteristic can affect the wine's flavor and longevity.
115
What flavors are typically found in Grenache Blanc?
Citrus, herbaceous, and tropical green fruits ## Footnote These flavors contribute to its aromatic profile.
116
What are the typical alcohol and acidity levels in Grenache Blanc?
Naturally high alcohol and lower acidity ## Footnote This balance can influence the wine's mouthfeel and taste.
117
Is Grenache Blanc often blended with other grapes?
Yes ## Footnote Blending can enhance complexity and balance in the wine.
118
When oaked, Grenache Blanc can be very _______.
[plush like Chardonnay] ## Footnote Oaking adds richness and depth to the wine's flavor profile.
119
What are the primary grape varieties used in Chateauneuf du Pape blends?
Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc ## Footnote Other varieties include Clairette Rose, Grenache Gris, Picardan Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, and Piquepoul Gris.
120
True or False: Chateauneuf du Pape wines can age for more than 10 years.
True ## Footnote Best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape can age for over 10 years.
121
Fill in the blank: Chateauneuf du Pape can be blends such as _______.
Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc
122
What is a notable characteristic of the best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape?
They can age 10 years plus ## Footnote This aging potential contributes to the complexity and depth of the wine.
123
What are the primary grape varieties used in Chateauneuf du Pape blends?
Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc ## Footnote Other varieties include Clairette Rose, Grenache Gris, Picardan Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, and Piquepoul Gris.
124
True or False: Chateauneuf du Pape wines can age for more than 10 years.
True ## Footnote Best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape can age for over 10 years.
125
Fill in the blank: Chateauneuf du Pape can be blends such as _______.
Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Clairette Blanche, Bourboulenc
126
What is a notable characteristic of the best examples of Chateauneuf du Pape?
They can age 10 years plus ## Footnote This aging potential contributes to the complexity and depth of the wine.
127
What is a characteristic flavor profile of Marsanne?
Deep coloured, rich, oily, spice, pear and quince with nuttiness ## Footnote Marsanne is known for its distinctive flavors and aromas.
128
What is the alcohol content and acid level of Marsanne?
High in Alcohol and moderate acid ## Footnote If the temperature is too high, Marsanne can become 'flabby'.
129
What type of oak treatment does Marsanne have an affinity for?
Oak treatment ## Footnote This can enhance the flavor and texture of the wine.
130
In which wine regions is Marsanne commonly grown?
Northern Rhone Valley, California, Savoie, Switzerland, Australia ## Footnote Marsanne is versatile and cultivated in various wine-producing regions.
131
What percentage of Hermitage is made up of Marsanne when blended with Roussane?
15% ## Footnote Marsanne is blended with Roussane to create Hermitage and Hermitage Blanc.
132
What are some synonyms or related terms for Marsanne?
Hermitage, Hermitage Blanc, St. Joseph ## Footnote These terms are associated with the wines that include Marsanne.
133
What is the color of Roussane grapes when ripe?
Russet color ## Footnote Roussane grapes exhibit a russet color upon ripening.
134
What are some flavor notes associated with Roussane?
* Camomile * Apricot * Beeswax * Brioche * Honey * Tea ## Footnote These notes contribute to the aromatic profile of Roussane.
135
How does the climate affect the aroma of Roussane?
More aromatic in cooler climates, more rich in warm climates ## Footnote The climate significantly influences the characteristics of Roussane.
136
What is the body profile of Roussane wine?
Rich and full body ## Footnote Roussane wines are known for their rich and full-bodied characteristics.
137
What type of treatment can Roussane undergo?
Oak treatment ## Footnote Roussane wines may often see oak treatment to enhance their flavor.
138
What is a major drawback in the cultivation of Roussane?
Prone to oxidation ## Footnote Roussane's susceptibility to oxidation can affect its quality.
139
What challenges does Roussane face in cultivation?
* Prone to mildew * Not good with drought * Sensitive to wind ## Footnote These challenges make Roussane rare and difficult to grow.
140
In which regions is Roussane commonly grown?
* Northern Rhone * USA * South Africa * Australia ## Footnote These regions are known for cultivating Roussane grapes.
141
What is the primary grape blend used in Other Whites of Northern Rhone?
Marsanne/Roussanne ## Footnote These two grape varieties are often blended to create high-quality white wines.
142
Name three notable appellations included in Other Whites of Northern Rhone.
* Hermitage * Crozes-Hermitage * Saint-Joseph ## Footnote These appellations are recognized for producing exceptional white wines.
143
What is the aging potential of the best examples of Other Whites from Northern Rhone?
10-20 years ## Footnote High-quality examples can continue to develop and improve over this timeframe.
144
True or False: Other Whites of Northern Rhone are mostly of low quality.
False ## Footnote They are mostly very high quality.
145
Fill in the blank: Other Whites of Northern Rhone primarily consist of _______.
Marsanne/Roussanne blends ## Footnote This blend is key to the region's reputation for quality white wines.

Sensory Development (4 decks)

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