Models of word recognition, Dual Route model & acquired dyslexia, Developmental dyslexia

Question 1

What is the word superiority effect?

Answer 1

people are able recognize letters better when they are presented within words than when they are presented alone or within non-words.

Question 2

What is a Grapheme?

Answer 2

a letter or group of letters that represent a single sound, or phoneme

Question 3

What is a Phoneme?

Answer 3

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

Question 4

What is semantic paralexia?

Answer 4

a reading error where a target word is misread and replaced with a semantically related word.

Question 5

What 5 things affect word recognition speed

Answer 5

Frequency

Age of acquisition (AoA) effect

Orthography

Morphology

Semantics

Question 6

How does frequency affect word recognition sped

Answer 6

HF words are recognised more than LF words
More frequent = more accurate

Question 7

How does Age of acquisition affect word recognition speed

Answer 7

Words that you learned at a younger age you recognise faster

Question 8

What is Orthography in word recognition speed

Answer 8

The conventional spelling system of a language

Question 8

What is Morphology in word recognition speed

Answer 8

The smallest unit of language that has meaning

Question 8

How do semantics effect word recognition speed

Answer 8

Words that are semantically richer are recognised faster

Question 9

Name the 3 different models for word recognition

Answer 9

Forster’s search model (a simple serial search model)

Morton’s Logogen model (parallel model)

R&M interactive activation model

Question 10

Describe Forster’s search model (a simple serial search model)

Answer 10

• Word entries are searched one by one
• No parallel access to words
• Serial (frequency based) search.
• No word to letter feedback

Question 11

Describe Morton’s Logogen model (parallel model)

Answer 11

• Sends information about letters to all word detectors at once
• Parallel abscess to words
• High frequency words have lower thresholds of recognition (recognised faster)
• No word to letter feedback

Question 12

Describe R&M interactive activation model

Answer 12

• Parallel access to words
• Word to letter feedback
• High frequency words have higher levels of activation

Question 13

What are the 4 key points of the dual route model?

Answer 13

1. Not just word recognition but also letters on a page/ screen to speech
2. Reading predictable words out loud (regular words)
3. Reading unpredictable words out loud (irregular words)
4. Reading new words (non words)

Question 14

What are 2 routes of the dual route model?

Answer 14

Nonlexical (mediated) route
For novel words

Lexical (direct) route
For known words

Question 15

What will damage to the lexical system result?

Answer 15

Reading words will be difficult
Reading novel words will be normal
Impairment of irregular words

Question 16

Name the 4 different theories of developmental dyslexia

Answer 16

Phonological deficit theory

Double deficit theory

Magnocellular deficit

Cerebellar deficit

Question 17

Describe the Phonological deficit theory for developmental dyslexia

Answer 17

• Most widely accepted
• Poor phonological awareness (ability to manipulate sounds)
• Poor verbal short term memory
• Slow lexical retrieval

Question 18

Describe the Double deficit theory for developmental dyslexia

Answer 18

2 deficits phonological deficit and naming- speed deficit

Question 19

Describe the Magnocellular deficit theory for developmental dyslexia

Answer 19

Dyslexia results from reduced sensitivity in the neural pathways of the visual system

Question 20

Describe the Cerebellar deficit theory for developmental dyslexia

Answer 20

Cerebellum for cognitive skills including language

People with dyslexia: reduced activation in right cerebellum