models of thinking and decision making?cog bias Flashcards
what questions is englich and mussweiler useful for
- cognitve bias
- dual processing
- RM
what is dual processing model
two ways of thinking-1 the fast one 2 the effortful one
a cognitive bias
a type of heuristic were we rely too heavily on one peice of information
aim of englich and mussweiler
to see whether a simple request for a certain length prison sentence would unduly influence a judge’s decision
englich and muisswiler participants and experiment type
They used an independent sample design experiment
They had the same case study for both the high and low anchor
true experiment
19 young trial judges mean age 29.37 with 9.34 months of experience
englich and mussweiler procedure
- of alleged rape
One persocutor 2 monts
One 34 months - Case material was sought from highly experienced judges
Material tested on 24 law students who suggested 17.21 months
This was used as the baseline
Participants were given case studies and penal codes (like list of sentencing). They were given about 15 minutes to form an opinion, but half were told 32 months half told 2 months by the prescutuor
Asked:
- Do you think the sentence was too low, adequate, or too high?
- What sentence would you recommend?
- How certain are you about your sentencing decision? (a scale of 1 – 9)
- how realistic do you think this case is? (a scale of 1 – 9)
results englich and mussweiler
Pilot 17.21 months
Low anchor: 18.78 months sd 9.11
High anchor: 28.70 months sd 6.53
conclusion englich
the suggested sentence did impact the result of the juges. this shows anchoring bias and dual processing
strengths englich and mussweiler
- By conducting a true experiment- a cause and effect relationship was able to be conducted
- The pilot study helped to demonstrate system 2 thinking whereas the experimental groups show system 1
weaknesses englich and mussweiler
- Using an independent sample design means participant variability may have influenced the results
- Small sample for generalizability
what is framing
when options are framed in a positive people go for the surest positive outcome but when its in a negative way people go for the risk instead of the certain negative option
cognitive bias
when we are cognitive misers and result to heuristics shortcuts to get away with stuff
aim of taversky and kahneman
Test the influence of positive and negative frames on decision making
taversky and kahneman participants and experiment
307 undergraduate students US
Experiment
procedure taversky and kahneman
- There was 2 frames, positive and negative and they were told
“Imagine that the U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual Asian disease, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed. Assume that the exact scientific estimate of the consequences of the programs is as follows”
-Positive:
Program A: 200 people will be saved
Program B: possibility of ⅓ that 600 will get saved, but ⅔ probability that no one will saved
-Negative
Program C: 400 people will die
Program D: ⅓ probability that no one will die and 2/3 probability 600 will die
So bascially a and c are the same and b and d are the same
resullts taversky and kahneman
Positive results:
72% chose A
28% chose b
Negative results
22% chose C
78% chose D
conclusion taverky and kahneman
Results demonstrate the importance of the frame
when fit was framed as the amount saved, people took this with certainty, avoiding the possibility of the less certain option.
However when it was phrased as the same thing but as the people dying people took a chance on the less certain option
taversky and kahneman strengths
- Highly controlled and high internal validity. It can actually conclude that framing effects participant choices
- Highly standardized and easily replicable
- Successfully applieed in marketing and health campaigns
weaknesses taversku and kahneman
-Low mundane realism. There is no real threat of losing life and is completely hypothetical. Most decisions would be made in consultation with others
- Sample is made up of western university students. Wang found they have higher levels of los aversion this meaning they are more damaged by losing individuals than gaining
