models of memory Flashcards
aim of milner
The better understand the effects of surgey on HM
hm background
Manchester, connecticut 1926
Hit by a cyclist when he was 7
Epileptic attacks started when he was 7
By 27 seizures were so bad he could not leave a normal life
Parents and family agreed : tissue from temporal lobe and hippocampus on both sides of hm brain
Breda milner explored Hm until he died in 2008. She noticed
-He forgot events nearly as fast as they occurred
-“Like waking from a dream; every day is alone itself”
-Remembered childhood
-Personality unchanged
-Recalled little of the 12 years before operation
After the op his retrograde amnesia diminished and by 1966 he only had problems recallung events 1 years before operation
He mostly suffered from anterograde amnesia he couldnt regonises faces of people he just met
method procedure of milner
Method triangulation occurred. She used:
-Psychometric testing; iq tests
-Direct observations
Interviews with him and family
-Cognitive testing; memory recall such as reverse mirror drawing
MRI
results milner
He could not acquire episodic knowledge - memory for events - or semantic knowledge - general knowledge of the world - suggesting that whatever was removed are important for transfer between short an long term memory
He could rember his house and draw a floor plan- meaning cognitive map type of memory isnt coded the same as episodic
He had working memory, he could carry out normal conversation. Minimal level of retention of what had been heard or said
Procedural memories were maintained, e.g. he could mow a lawn. He improved in the performance of new skills such as reverse mirror drawing, yet never remembered it.
The MRI showed temporal lobe and hippocampus has most damage, the damage in hippocampus seems to explain STM - LTM as this is where aectycholine is
bullet point results milner
The following is a summary of the key findings:
-The memory systems in the brain constitute a highly specialized and complex system.
-The hippocampus plays a critical role in converting memories of experiences from short-term memory to long-term memory.
However, researchers found that short-term memory is not stored in the hippocampus as HM was able to retain information for a while if he rehearsed it.
-Since HM was able to retain some memories of events that happened long before his surgery it indicates that the medial temporal region is not the site of permanent storage but rather plays a role in the organization and permanent storage of memories elsewhere in the brain.
-Implicit memory contains several stores - for example, procedural memory, emotional memory, and skills and habits. Each of these areas is related to different brain areas.
milner strengths
Extremely longitudinal over 50 years
Method triangulation
Ehthically consentual, confidential and protection from harm
Ecologically valid
weaknesses milner
Cannot be replicaed however other cases such as clive wearing confirm it
Some data was retrospective;(collected after the event) we dont know hms cognitive ability pre accident
Retrograde amnesia
The loss of memories before onset of amnesia, but they can form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of the ability to form long term memories yet memories remain from the past. Stm memory functions and procedural functions.
landry and bartling aim
To investigate whether articulory suppression will influence the recall of a witten list of phonolically dissimilar letters in a series of recall.
participants landry and bartling and test type
-34 undergraduate psychology students
- Independent sample design
method/prcedure of landry
-Experimental group: saw a list of letters that they had to recall whilst saying 1 and 2 once per second
-Control: saw list of letter but did not have to say 1 and 2
-10 lists constructed randlomy from: F,K,L,M,R,X,Q because they dont sound similar
-They had an answe sheet with 7 blanks in each row. They were shown this first to understand
-Control: shown list for 5 second, wait 5 seconds, write correct order x 10
-Experimental: same thing but they were asked to repeatedly say 1 and 2 till it was time to fill in the sheet x 10
results of landry and bartling
in the control group the mean accurate recall was 76% sd 0.13
In the experimental group mean accurate recall was 45% sd 0.14
Ttest was calculated with a significance of 0.01
results landry and bartling
The results support hypothesis, showing that articulatory suppression is preventing rehearsal in phonological loop because of overload
strengths landry and bartling
-Well controlled with a high level of internal validity
-Cause and effect can be determined
Reliable and can be replicated
weaknesses landry and bartling
Lab experiment so artificial and low ecological validity
antergrade amnesia
inability to create new memories
retrograde
inability to access previous memories
Primacy, renency, asymptote
Words remembered at the beginning of a list - we can acoustically rehearse these words in our head before having to to recall them
The words still remain in the stm memory and have not been displaced by information yet !
The words in the middle of the list wich have no time to be rehearsed by get displaced as asymptotes
glazer study 1 aim
To see if time intervals between words on a list would increase the number of words recalled at the start of the list
Primacy effect would be greater
To see if each word was read twice would increase recall
glazer study 1 procedure
240 army enlisted men
Independent sample design
3 second; one or twice
6 second once or twice
9 seconds once or twice
8x twenty word lists
All lists were the same
One sylabblyed
They had to write down any words they recalled
study 1 results galzerr
ncreased time intervals meant an increased recall, apart from the words at the end of the list
Repetition dint rlly effect apart from 3 second condition
conlsuion study 1 glazer
Primacy effect is the result of rehearsal. More time meant more rehearsal, the words still in the stm were the same as they were still in STM
study 2 glazer
46 army enlisted men
Repeated measures design
15 word lists
Shown on a screen with a projector
Shown for 1 second at two second intervals
Experimenter read it out loud
There was immediate recall were a hash indicated too write straight away
Delayed recall were they had to count for 10 or 30 seconds
