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Models of psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Spiritual model explanation for psychological disorders

A

Psychological disorders arise because the individual is out of harmony with some larger force - Spiritual and biological process are often intertwined in this model

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2
Q

Spiritual explanations in past societies

A

imbalance in vital energy, relationship to nature, spiritual forces, equilibrium between soul and body, soul loss, possessions , magical insertion, offenses, Satanic possessions, holy punishment

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3
Q

Tabu deaths

A

a person is convinced they are cursed. The person isolates from society and dies

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4
Q

Healing spiritual cerimonies work?

A

Beliefs are powerful - effective because the person believes they will be cured, so they are.

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5
Q

West-European medieval societies: Treatment

A

religious ceremonies, persecution and death. The insane were treated with cruelty, or thought to be witches (3 consequences: confession by torture, trial by water, examination for skin marks)

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6
Q

Spiritual treatments today

A

Fundamentalist western religions
Alternative therapies - yoga, meditation
Ceremonies: purification, religious rituals…
Goal: harmony

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7
Q

How Religion/spirituality can be good for mental health

A

Involvement in religious practices and communities = sense of meaning and resilience
36% lower depression; fewer suicide rates. Improved drinking outcomes
Medical patients and immune-system functioning
Mortality in the elderly lower

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8
Q

Religions can be bad for mental health

A

Negative religious coping - Feeling of being punished, alienation from community. Rejection of sexual/gender = Immune system declines
Historical oppression and discrimination

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9
Q

Why do cerimonies work for mental health?

A

Jerome Frank: Through Persuasion, Healing ceremonies can be:
Calming
Arousal of Positive expectations (optimism) = healthy
Focus on constructive thoughts and actions
Sense of control and meaning (vs. helplessness)

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10
Q

Religious healing ceremonies 3 steps

A

Socially sanctioned healer - gives explanation for problem and what should be corrected
Healer Provides a Ritual
These rituals can create positive effects

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11
Q

Psychologists and religion

A

lower level of these beliefs
“Religiosity gap”
Not included in diversity training

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12
Q

Why do psychologists need to study religion?

A

Asking about spirituality/values is associated with (even if patient is atheist) stronger therapeutic alliance
Patient self-disclosure
It is important to incorporate the patients beliefs to their treatment

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13
Q

Biological model explanation for psychological disorders

A

Psychological problems arise primarily out of underlying biological processes

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14
Q

Traditional societies: biological model

A

Folk medicine
Asia - 400 AD: major medical text-sections of insanity and Rauvolfia - herbal treatment for psychosis (Reserpine)
Thai and arab medicines

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15
Q

Hippocrates (400-377 B.C.) - Humoral theory

A

Postulates that every human had 4 humors - body fluids - ideally in balance - imbalance = psych disoder
Linked to elements, organs, temperament and diseases

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16
Q

Treatment in humoral theory

A

Diet
Change Physical environment
Bleedings, emetics, purges, leeches

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17
Q

19th century Biological Theories

German school - focus and names

A

Focused on the psychosis
Griesinger
Wernicker
Emil Kraepelin

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18
Q

Psychoses - Emil Kraepelin

A

Could be divided into endogenous and exogenous

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19
Q

Exogenous psychoses

A

caused by external conditions. Ex:
Korsakov- Wernicke - alcoholism
Krafft-Ebing - General paresis (paralitic dementia) caused by siphilis

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20
Q

Endogenous psychoses

A 
Caused by internal conditions. Ex:
Dementia praecox = premature dementia - today schizophrenia
Involutional melancholia (today depression)
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21
Q

Types of Neuroses

A

Neurasthenia - passivity, weakness, exhausted nerves - later hysteria
Psychasthenia - phobias, irrational fears or OCD - a week psyche or weak nervous system

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22
Q

Treatment of neurosis 19th century

A

Mainly targeted women

Elixirs with alcohol, cruises, rest

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23
Q

Early 20th century biological treatments

A

Custodial care

Radical somatic treatments

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24
Q

Radical somatic treatments 20th century bio

A

Convulsive therapy - Von Meduna Insulin induced seizures for schizophrenia (was the opposite of epilepsy)
Cerletti and Bini - electro convulsive therapy
Egaz Moniz lobotomies
Freeman and Watts - psychosurgery

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25
Q

Egaz Moniz lobotomies

A

hoped to avoid chronic delusions by injecting alcohol into the frontal lobe and stabbing the prefrontal lobes - patient became apathetic

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26
Q

Freeman and Watts - psychosurgery

A

when emotion was higher than rationality. Solution: severing the link between frontal and emotional lobes

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27
Q

Learning from radical somatic treatments

A

Importance of empirical evidence
Informed consent - people should be told what the likely consequences are
Professional accountability - physicians are responsible

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28
Q

50’s - biological treatments

A

Neuroleptic medications –> Phenothiazines and

Lithium carbonate

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29
Q

Neuroleptic medications advantages

A

Allowed for Community management - patients could live in society - control of manic symptoms
Institutional management - didn’t require physical constraints

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30
Q

Neuroleptic medications Limitations

A 
Immediate side effects
Long-term health effects
Kidney pathology
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Tardive dyskinesia
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31
Q

Contemporary Biological models causes

A

Genetic
Neurochemical
CNS structure and function

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32
Q

Contemporary Biological models treatment

A

+ Advance in medication (but not perfect) and somatic procedures (EST, TransMagnaticStimutaion, DBS - for parkinson’s) anesthesia before chocks and muscle relaxers to prevent seizure injury

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33
Q

Psychological models of psychopathology say that

A

Psychological disorders arise as a result of life experiences

34
Q

1800s psychological perspective - Moral treatment philosophy

A

Small facilities.
Respect for the patient, freedom and kindness
Psychological processes as treatment
First revolution in psychiatry

35
Q

Moral treatment names

A

Phillippe Pinel
William took
Eli Todd

36
Q

Phillippe Pinel

A

Moral treatment humanistic physician

  • insanity should be treated with attention to the mind.
  • “The insane are not guilty, they deserve compassion”. - attempts to classify mental disorders. His ideas spread to england
37
Q

Eli Todd

A

Moral treatment in North america inspired by William Took.
democracy and freedom causes men to have high hopes for life. Disappointment causes stress which leads to insanity. Society is responsible.

38
Q

Moral treatment psychological philosophy Effectiveness and goal

A

They were very effective. Release rate = 50%, from which 50% never relapsed again.
Goal: Direct attention to positive things and arouse dormant facilities

39
Q

Decline of Moral treatment

A
  • Social reformers - Dorothea Dix
  • Institutional size increase
  • lack of government funding
  • focus on safety rather than treatment (hospital like vibe, not family)
  • Rural to urban transition and immigrants = more patients
  • Change from psych model to bio
  • The release rate went from 50% to 4%
40
Q

Decline of moral treatment Change in model of psychopathology

A

Biological models increased due to German influences. Pessimistic ideas. They were hopeless and thought that moral treatment was unjustified.

41
Q

Early 20th century psychological perspective

A

Second revolution in psychiatry
French School of psychiatry
Focused on apparent medical conditions with no physiological cause
Focused on hysteria

42
Q

Early 20th century figures

A 
Mesmer
Charcot
Janet 
Breuer
Freud
43
Q

hysteria what is it and today

A

Hysteria is conversion symptoms

today = somatoform disorders or functional neurological disorders)

44
Q

Charcot and hysteria

A

the father of hypnosis and hysteria.
discovered that patients under hypnosis = no medical condition (neurological problem) anymore. This suggested that psychological processes played a role in these conditions.

45
Q

Janet

A

Repression and the unconscious. Upsetting events are pushed to the unconscious. All of us have this but in different degrees

46
Q

Breuer

A

Talking cure. If patients talk about problems and experience catharsis (getting emotions out) they could be helped. He treated Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim), and later referred her to Freud.

47
Q

Freud

A 
Controversial figure 
Built a theory based on hypnosis, repression and hysteria
Tripartite mind and psyche
Development
Freud’s followers took different paths
48
Q

Freud Tripartite mind and Tripartite psyche

A

Tripartite mind
Unconscious, subconscious and conscious
Tripartite psyche
Id, ego and superego

49
Q

Id, ego and superego

A

The human personality is shaped by these three. The ego runs the interference between ID and superego

50
Q

ID

A

id - the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies. Pleasure principle.

51
Q

Ego

A

ego - operates according to the reality principle. logic and reason and are referred to as the secondary process, as opposed to the illogical and irrational primary process of the id.

52
Q

Superego

A

Superego - conscience, represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture.

53
Q

Human’s Primary motivations to Freud

A

the discharge of biological impulses (humans are a lot like animals)

54
Q

Early works on drives: Freud

A 
Early works - 
Sexual drives (broad concept of libido = drive to live and thrive), 
agressive drives (death instinct -destructive impulses)
55
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Oral - Child expresses like forces for sucking and eating (sexual - libido) - or biting (agressive), Anal, Phallic, Latency, Adult
Ideally, we go through all of these stages and learn how to discharge our ID drives
Few of us go through this without distortions and interferences - this causes risk of development of psychological disorders

56
Q

Freud: Defense Mechanisms

A

Automatic
Unconscious
Prevents awareness of impulses and conflicts that cause anxiety and stress - helps keep a sense of security

57
Q

Freud Intellectualization

A

we channel impulses into study. We are then able to experience aggression without acknowledging that the drive is ours. (e.g study crime, sexual perversions, or medicine). This is a mature way of dealing with urges that may be unacceptable.

58
Q

Sublimation Freud

A

Expression of drive in an indirect way. Channeling unwanted urges into an admissible or productive outlet. (exercise, therapy)

59
Q

Projection Freud

A

Placing your impulses on other people. We project our emotions onto other people.

60
Q

Psychoanalysis Goal

A

make unconscious conscious through the therapeutic relationship - becoming aware of underlying conflicts makes us be able to deal with it

61
Q

Psychoanalysis techniques

A

Free association, dream analysis (superego less powerful), interpretation of transference (project characteristics of a significant other onto the therapist - inside into what was driving their distress)

62
Q

1940-50s - Interpersonal Dynamic

A

First recognized by Karen Horney

Harry Stack Sullivan - Our sense of self is determined by our relationships

63
Q

60’s - Object relations

A

Began with Anna Freud
Otto Kornberg - Introjection representation, Differentiation and integration, Development of ego boundaries and sense of self

64
Q

Otto Kornberg

Introjection representation

A

We Introject representations of significant others (mother) - by interacting with them we take in part of them to build our sense of self
ex: Neglect = primitive introjection

65
Q

Otto Kornberg

Development of ego boundaries and sense of self Psychopathologies

A

problem arrives when a person does not develop full ego boundaries and is confused that others are a part of them = borderline

66
Q

Psychological perspective: Humanistic models figures

A

Carl Rogers and Maslow

67
Q

Maslow (1943, 1970)

A

Hierarchy of needs
Focus on human potential
Deficiency need (basic) vs. Growth needs (cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization and transcendence)
Seek fulfillment through personal growth (self-actualization)

68
Q

Client-centered Therapy

Carl Rogers and more

A

Inner guidance system - guides our behavior in an adaptive way.
Pathology is the denial of true self
Non-directive therapist - Empathy, Genuineness, Positive regard to put patient back in touch with themselves

69
Q

Behavioural theories

Assumptions

A

psychological theory should be based on empiricism, and techniques should be validated before use

70
Q

John watson

A

psychoanalytic views deal with mentalistic things, which cannot be studied directly and therefore cannot be scientific. Behaviour is explained by learning processes. Goal of psychology should be to predict behaviour.

71
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus is paired with state and starts to elicit it

72
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

Was first a freudian but when working with PTSD gave up. Conditioned fear explained PTSD better
Counter-conditioning - therapy for people with PTSD. remove conditioned fear

73
Q

Maladaptive conditioned emotional responses (Jack Rachman) 3 types

A

Fear conditioning (PTSD; Phobias)
Somatic disorders - fear causes somatic symptoms
Appetitive conditioning - motivational salience ex: drug addiction

74
Q

Maladaptive conditioned emotional responses Treatment

A

Modify conditioned responses.

like Graduated exposure (EBT), Systematic desensitization, response prevention (OCD), Aversion therapy

75
Q

Skinner - Behavioural performance depends on

A

contingencies = consequences

76
Q

Psychopathology explanation in behaviorism

A

Some psychopathology is due to maladaptive behaviors or lack of adaptive behaviors

77
Q

Behaviour modification is done for what?

A

The treatment for psychopathologies in behaviorism is to teach adaptive responses

78
Q

Examples of behavioral treatments for psychopathology

A

Behavioral activation (Derek Hopko - push depressed people to do pleasurable things so that they are reinforced for being active), Problem-solving teaching, Contingency management (arranging to give people rewards for appropriate behavior)

79
Q

Cognitive revolution 60’s

Albert Ellis

A

irrational beliefs in neurotic patients - they interpret events negatively

80
Q

Cognitive revolution

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning
Complex behavior is not learned through discrete reinforcement, but through Vicarious conditioning/Observational Learning = watching others

81
Q

Bandura and psychopathology explanation + treatment

A

some psychopathology is learned through watching others - like phobias, antisocial, interpersonal prob.
Treatment strategies involved observing, Ex: Participant modeling

82
Q

Beck (A.T. Beck)

A

Cognitive therapy for depression

His observation showed that people with depression have: Dysfunctional beliefs and Illogical reasoning schemas

Psych 300 (8 decks)

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