Models Of English

Question 1

What are world Englishes

How can you explain the spread of world englishes

Braj Kachru Three circle model (1982)
Modiano Centripetal Circle of International English (1991)
MacArthur (1998)

Answer 1

Colonization, migration ➡️ global spread of English
⬇️ (as a result)
Globally people are speaking English as a Second language.
⬇️
More varieties come into being

Models that explain the global spread of English.

Braj Kachru’s three circle model (1982)
•most influential model
•the global spread is explained with the use of three circles
Inner circle - Eng as a 1st lan, norm providing
Outer circle - Eng as a 2nd lan, norm developing
Expanding circle- Eng ad a foreign lan, norm dependent.

(+)
Inclusivity and plurality 
(-)
• no dynamism 
•assumed all speakers are of the same proficiency level.

Modiano’s Centripetal circle of International English(1999)
• Spread of English is explained using three circles core circle- users of English as an international lan.
2nd circle - user of regional and internationally unintelligible varieties if English
3rd circle-not proficient in any variety.

Not biased,
Central force. English user.

❓What is English as an International language??

McArthur (1998)

• 8 varieties of English are arranged around a hub. The hub is named as the world standard of English.
• all varieties are placed at an equal distance.
• further the variety id form the hub, less intelligible and more contextualize the variety becomes.
• varieties are not valued over the other.
• not biased to the native speaker.

Question 2

Schneider’s Dynamic model?

Most suitable model to explain the development of SLE.

Answer 2

Development of english in former colonies

Explains how histories and ecologies determine the structuring of a language

Moves away from a geographical approach to a sociolinguistic approach pertaining to identify

5stages 
Foundation 
Exonerative stabilization
Nativization 
Endornomative stabilization 
Differentiation 

Takes into account the perspectives of two lan groups
Indigenous residents’ lan
Settlers’ lan

Each stage is marked with four parameters 
Extralinguistic features
Identity constructions 
Sociolinguistics conditions
Linguistic features.

FOUNDATION 
•english is used on a daily bais 
•complex language contact situation 
•koineization -middle of the road variety. 
•STL lan is not affected by the IDG lan

EXORNOMATIVE STABILIZATION
• STL lan move towards the local lan.
• adopt vocabulary items from the IDG lan
•english become the language of administration, legislation, education
•STL lan becomes the standard lan.
•elitism and mixed marriages
• IND residents develop bilingualism through education trade.
• english is acquired as second lan
•Code switching

NATIVIZATION
• Heaviest effects on restructuring english
•cultural and linguistic trasformation
• increased communication between the STLs and the IDG residents
• strive towards independence
• pressure on IDG to acquire English
• heavy borrowings form native language to english
• change in philosophy,morphology and shntax
• local accent

ENDORMOMATIVE STABILIZATION
• nation building- structuring a new national identity
•political independence.
• a new language form emerges.
•codification of the new form
• acceptance and adaptation of the indigenous linguistic form supported by newly rooted linguistic confidence.
•literary creativity

DIFFERENTIATION
• emergence of a new nation, politically, culturally and linguistically
•stable without external threat
•birth of new dialects. Ethnic dialects, non standard varieties.
•emergence of dialectal linguistic markers.