models of discrimination Flashcards
racial disparities in unemployment
‘racialized’ people in Canada have higher participation in labor force but higher unemployment
Montreal data: 13.4% black people in Montreal with grad degrees were unemployed from 1996-2006 - same as white people who didn’t graduate high school
People with ‘asian sounding names’ 20-40% less likely to get callback when applying
^^^ education is helpful but shows that because of labour market practices it might not be as effective for people of colour compared to white people
cumulative disparities due to initial advantage
People who already have resources may be better able to effectively use and capitalize on newer resources than people who didn’t have any resources to begin with
- The haves can use resources to get ahead
- The have nots usually have to use them just to stay afloat
‘wealth gap’ - gaps in pay are slowly closing but gaps in wealth aren’t…
costs of upward social mobility
Characteristics that helped get you up the ladder might not help once you are at the top
Upward mobility traits:
- Striving
- Competing demands
- Lack of belonging
Adaptive low ses:
- Interdependence
- Shift and persist
- Emotion perception/memory
- Attention shifting
- Working memory updating
Adaptive high ses
- Executive functioning
- Proactive coping
- Independence, etc
Disconnect between adaptive low ses traits and adaptive high ses traits
vulnerability/risk factors
variables that are associated with maladjustment/negative outcomes
promotive factors
variables associated with positive outcomes across all levels of risk
protective factors
variables that disrupt the impact of a risk factor
what does an independent risk factor mean
· The presence of variable predicts negative outcome but the absence of variable does not necessarily lead to positive outcome
○ Teenage pregnancy
Child abuse
what does an independent promotive factor mean
· Presence of variable predicts outcome but the absence of variable doesn’t necessarily lead to negative outcome
○ Talent in one specific area
Mentor
curvilinear effects
the opposite extreme of the variable predict negative outcomes
moderation
the strength of association between X and Y gets stronger or weaker depending on M
Example: discrimination might lead to depression and social support could act as a moderator:
- When social support is low discrimination is strongly associated with depression
When social support is high discrimination is weakly associated or not associated with depression
mediation
X causes M, then M causes Y (about causal relationships)
· X can also directly cause Y (partial mediation) or not direction cause Y (partial mediation)
Example:
Lbtq discrimination causes internalized homophobia, internalized homophobia causes depression, lbtq discrimination indirectly causes depression via internalized homophobia
Internalized homophobia acts as a mediator
deficits based approaches
people in the majority group as the reference group -any difference relative to reference group (usually white or men) = abnormality + inferiority
· POC engage in more authoritarian parenting than whites, therefore POC parents = worse parents - Black kids more likely to get suspended than white kids therefore black kids are more deviant
integrative model for the developmental competencies in minority children - cynthia garcia coll
- What if we conceptualize factors that influence health and wellbeing in ethnic minority kids?
- Big model with main themes:
- Social position variables - race/ethnicity, social class, gender
- Racism - prejudice, discrimination, oppression
- Segregation - residential, economic, social, psychological
- Promoting/inhibiting environments - schools, neighborhood, healthcare
- Adaptive culture - traditions and cultural legacies, histories, migration, acculturation, current, context
- Child characteristics: age, temperament, health status, bio factors, physical characteristics
- Family - structure and roles, family values, beliefs, goals, racial socialization, socio economic status
Developmental competencies - cognitive, social emotional linguistic, biculturalism, coping with racism
- Big model with main themes:
biopsychosocial model of perceived racism
Idea is that a person is exposed to a stressor, perceives the stressor in a specific way, which affects their response
Ex. Could identify stressor as a racialized stressor, not a stressor at all, or something else
There are factors that play into our perception of stressful stimuli (moderators):
- psychological
-constitutional
psychological factors
- Emotional reg
- Personality
- Self esteem
- optimism vs cynicism
constitutional factors
- Skin color
- Gender
- Age
- Nativity
- Racial ethnic group
Language ability/acculturation
skin color as a factor for responding to discrimination
historical and continuing preference for lighter skin tones - results in colorism, which is discrimination on the basis of the shade of one’s skin. This is often perpetrated within minoritized groups and be harmful to mental health/causes family schisms.
Study: hispanics with darker skin are more likely to experience discrimination than those with lighter skin
education as a factor for responding to discrimination
more highly educated people from marginalized groups are more likely to work in predominantly white environments. University can offer chances to discuss race and discrimination, increasing awareness.
However, high income is a risk factor among black people living in predominantly white areas (higher reports of discrimination)
age as a factor for responding to discrimination
- More awareness of discrimination with age - more likely to think people will act on prejudice
- More nuanced view of prejudice with age
- More likely to perceive adult and institutional discrimination
92% of 10 year olds are familiar with discrimination
- Name calling, not sharing, social exclusion
Avoid classification
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES LINKING DISCRIMINATION TO HEALTH (BRONDOLO ET AL, 2018)
- Path A - experiencing discrimination can affect our social cognitive processes
○ Negative attribution biases
○ Rejection sensitivity
○ Schemas about the self and the world more generally- Path B - experiencing discrimination can affect cognitive control processes
○ Stuff we need for day to day like:
○ Attentional control
○ Cognitive flexibility
Integration of semantic, affective, and sensory info
- Path B - experiencing discrimination can affect cognitive control processes
MINORITY STRESS THEORY meyer, 2003
Most common framework when looking at sexual orientation and gender minorities
Idea that sgm people experience more stresses because of their identity as an sgm
- General stressors + specific minority stressors
Cumulative impact on health and wellbing
MODEL OF RACE RELATED STRESS AND WELLBEING (HARRELL 2000)
Don’t worry about terms, similar to minority stress theory
- Focus on person level factors
- Family level factors
- Different types of stress
Stress causes changes in internal and external factors which then cause changes in health
Schmitt et al. (2014)
- Study on wellbeing generally (put a bunch of studies on depression, anxiety, etc into category of wellbeing). Found that discrimination was negatively with wellbeing (r=-.23, k=328)
effects were stronger cross sectionally (weaker over time), stronger for disadvantaged groups, stronger for kids
2.Experimental studies. Generally didn’t find an overall effect across the 54 studies they looked at (basically, little interventions in the moment didn’t lead to worse wellbeing)
But…lots of moderators
- Studies with manipulations that alluded to the pervasiveness of discrimination had strong negative effects
Discrimination attributed to a single events didn’t really have an effect
.benner et al 2019
N- 91,000 across 214 studies - focused on adolescents
Generally, discrimination is bad and affects a bunch of things:
Depression, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviours, etc
Effect didn’t change based on who was doing the discriminating - effects were more pronounced the earlier you were in adolescence
