daily impacts

Question 1

life expectancy gaps in canada

Answer 1

· Large gap for indigenous people compared to white people (stat can, 2019)
Lower risk of all cause mortality among black populations in Canada (stat can, 2023) - held up after controlling for many demographics and social determinants of health

Question 2

immigrant paradox

Answer 2

health of newcomers tends to be better than health of native born people of same group
Average health of Asian immigrant will be better than average health of American born Asian American

Question 3

stress proliferation

Answer 3

..means that exposure to a single stressor may lead to additional secondary stressors

researchers must pay careful attention to whether a given factor is a confounder or mediator of the discrimination health pathway
- Does something work independently or with other things?
Causal process?

Question 4

cohort effect

Answer 4

changes that affect populations born at a particular point in time - not related to process of aging
- Ex. Only younger black people showed better health and mortality outcomes after civil rights act in US
Older populations had already suffered from legal unequal treatment to reap benefits of policy changes

Question 5

period effect

Answer 5

changes at a point in time that effect people uniformly across birth cohorts
Ex. All pregnant Arab American women had worse birth outcomes in 6 months following 9/11 attack, regardless of age

Question 6

themes in lifecourse perspective

Answer 6

· Age patterned exposures
· Sensitive periods
· Linked lives
· Latency period
· Stress proliferation
Period effect and cohort effects

Question 7

cross sectional studies

Answer 7

· Benefits:
○ Compare cohorts of different ages to one another at a given time
○ Relatively cheap and practical
· Drawbacks
○ Can’t learn about how individual people change with age - effects are between-person
Age effects are confounded with cohort effects

Question 8

longitudinal studies

Answer 8

· BENEFITS
○ Can make within subject comparisons
○ No cohort effects
· DRAWBACKS
○ Subjects drop out
○ May be effects of repeated testing
○ Requires foresight (and funding!)
○ Time consuming
Age effects confounded with time of measurement effects

Question 9

weaknesses of both cross sectional and longitudinal

Answer 9

• Often retrospective reports
  ○ Recall bias
  ○ Recency bias

Snapshot or long term follow ups don’t tell us what is happening in the day to day…. How do I feel when I faced discrimination today? Do effects linger until or not show up until tomorrow?

Question 10

experience sampling

Answer 10

Tries to address this problem
Measure people repeatedly across a short time span - e.g. every day for 21 days…reduces retrospective and other biases - intra individual change
Types:
- Event based sampling - infrequent and discrete events
- Time sampling (fixed) - some statistical approaches require equidistant measurements, increased compliance
- Time sampling (random) -

Question 11

duration

Answer 11

balance between answering the research question with enough data and participant burden and compliance

Question 12

examples of experience sampling questions

Answer 12

On days when I face more discrimination that I normally do in a 2 week period, do I report more negative affect and less positive affect?
Do those effects last? How long?

Do people seek more support from friends and parents on days when they face discrimination?

Do I report more discrimination on days I’m more aware of my racial or gender identity?