Models of disability Flashcards
Medical model
Views disability as functional limitation which is biologically or physiologically determined
Medical-biological diagnosis emphasises:
Individual pathology
Individual (personal) deficit
Individual medical treatment
Individual model of disability
Disability viewed as tragic problem for isolated, unfortunate individuals
Focus on what individual can’t do, or what’s wrong with them
The individual model incorporates medical model
UPIAS
Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation
“not our impairments that were the main cause of our problems as disabled people, but that it was the way society responded to us as an oppressed minority”
Impairment definition
Permanent loss or limitation of physical, cognitive or sensory functioning
Disablement definition
Loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in everyday life of any give community on an equal basis with others, resulting from structural and social barriers which take little or no account of people with disabilities, and excludes them from mainstream of social activities
Disability vs impairment
Disability results from socially imposed restriction or constraints imposed on people with impairments through discriminatory practices of society
Social model of disability about social oppression not functionality
Exclusion from a lot of sectors
UK social model of disability
Disability seen as oppression either institutional or societal or both
We live in a disabling society
Society disables (through barriers; attitudinal or structural) those who have impairments
Addresses structural inequalities originating from disabling attitudes. Development of organisational policy, social regulation and structural change, profoundly political
Medicine as part of the problem
For some disabled people health care workers part of problem
Health assessments often emphasise individual deficit in attempt to ensure disabled people receive resources and services they need
Biopsychosocial model
Views disability as arising from combination of factors at physical, emotional and environmental levels
Consistent with WHO’s revised definitions of disability
Recognises impairments often due to illness or injury and does not dismiss importance of impact of biological, emotional and environmental issues on health, well-being, and function in society
In what ways are people with visual impairments disabled when they attend treatment?
Information inaccessible Physical environment Transport - inaccessible Reinforce information Losing teeth - dentures
Sight reader
Times New Roman or Ariel
Size 14 font
Grey shade in background
In what ways are people with hearing impairments disabled when they attend treatment?
Speech
Mask in way
Contact over phone issue
In what ways are people with visible physical impairments disabled when they attend for treatment?
Physical access and transport
Design of room may not have enough space for wheelchairs
Stairs
In what ways are people with cognitive impairments disabled when they attend for treatment?
Communication -onus is on you -instructions and consent Resistance to treatment -previous treatment history Anxiety Comply with instructions Systemic issues with mouth Memory - consent at every treatment and OH Avoiding going to appointments Self-care Medication
Mental Capacity Act
fully enacted Nov 2007
Medical professionals should take all practical steps to include people in choices and decisions concerning their own health
Human Rights Act
1998
In force 2004
Need to respect dignity and rights of all individuals
Equality Act
Oct 2010
Supersedes DDA
Cannot discriminate against against individual because of particular characteristic
Four reasons given why person may be unable to make decision
1) Person must be able to comprehend relevant info
2) Person must be able to retain this info
3) Person must be able to use and weigh it to arrive at choice
4) Unable to make decision where he cannot communicate it in any way
Fluctuating capacity
Progressive or acquired impairments
- take into consideration past as well as present wishes
- consideration of written statements whilst capacity was present
- consideration of values and beliefs e.g. religious, cultural, lifestyle choices, family bonds
Recommendations
Talk to person
Include them in choices and decisions about their care
Find out how each individual communicates
Use non-medical language to explain
Do not Assume they cannot understand
K.I.S.S (keep it simple stupid)
Consent
Start with assumption that individual has capacity
Assume that you may need to gain consent at each meeting
