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Growth and Development > Disorders of growth > Flashcards

Disorders of growth Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of disorders of growth

A

Moles

Too many BVs?

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

> in cell numbers
Response to stimulus
Regression once stimulus removed
size and function

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3
Q

Endocrine growth control stimulus to hyperplasia

A 
Physiological
-normal growth and development
-puberty and pregnancy
Pathological 
-parathyroids and thyroid
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4
Q

Other growth control stimulus to hyperplasia

A

Chronic irritation/ inflammation

Bone marrow, lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

Thyroid hyperplasia

A

Places in low % of iodine

Pituitary produces more and more thyroid hormone but little iodine so can’t do it

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6
Q

Nifedipine

A

> effect of inflammation on gingival tissue
in fibrous CT underlying epithelium of gingiva
Gingival hyperplasia (teeth sometimes almost not able to be seen)

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7
Q

Hyperplasia of tonsil

A

Lymphocytes divide and expand

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8
Q

Hypertophy

A

> in cell size

Often occurs with hyperplasia

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9
Q

Pure hypertophy

A

Muscle: mechanical stimulus

  • skeletal: exercise
  • smooth: pregnancy
  • cardiac: LVH in hypertension
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10
Q

Hypertrophy in relation to heart

A

Hypertension –> resistance to pumping blood around body
> size of cardiac muscle fibres in left ventricle
Can lead to heart failure

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11
Q

Neoplasia

A

Growth which is uncontrolled & does not

stop and which persists after stimulus is removed

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12
Q

Too little tissue

A

Developmental

  • Agenesis (does not develop at all) e.g. wisdom teeth
  • Aplasia (fails to develop normal structure so some deficit in function)
  • Hypoplasia (less tissue formed)
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13
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Cartilagenous structures in body do not develop properly
Inherited disorder
Hypoplasia

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14
Q

Enamel hypoplasia

A

Can be inherited (every tooth affected)
An effect on single tooth e.g. after knocking front teeth
Hypoplastic mandible and malocclusion

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15
Q

Atrophy

A

< in size after growth

  • size and number of cells
  • can be physiological - in embryology
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16
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

Imbalance of cell loss and production

  • apoptosis
  • not necrosis (mostly)
  • < in structural components of cell, esp. proteins
17
Q

Generalised atrophy

A

Nutritional e..g in starvation
Senile e.g. as we grow older we get shorter
Endocrine e.g. maintenance of bone mass by oestrogen
Bone - osteoporosis (reduction in structural density of bone)

18
Q

Nutritional deficiency

A

Tongue e.g. without papillae - iron deficient. Lacking full development of epithelium

19
Q

Localised atrophy

A
  • Ischaemic
  • Pressure e.g. bed-ridden pxs
  • DIsuse e.g. if you stop gyming
  • Neuropathic/ denervation e.g. damage to nerve supplying muscle
  • Immune mediated (autoimmune)
  • Idiopathic
20
Q

Ischaemic atrophy in kidney

A

Partially occluded renal artery –> smaller kidney to cope with reduced amount of oxygen & nutrients

21
Q

Atrophic mandible

A

In edentulous pxs

Affects retention of denture

22
Q

Alzheimer’s brain

A

Atrophic

< of white matter

23
Q

Romberg’s disease

A

Hemifacial atrophy
Not developmental
Affects soft tissue and muscular structures
Not well understoof

24
Q

Metaplasia

A

Abnormal differentiation

  • change from one differentiated tissue to another (within same germinal layer)
  • result from changes in environmental demands
  • epithelium (mucous or squamous)
  • mesenchymal
25
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Bronchi of smokers

  • columnar pseudostratified squamous cells with goblet cells –> stratifiied epithelium because better barrier, worse at expelling ‘rubbish’
  • Can be first step on route to cancer
26
Q

Gastric metaplasia

A

In pxs with acid reflex
Barrett’s esophagus
Squamous –> columnar with goblet cells

27
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth & differentiation in a tissue, with abnormal cells & tissue architecture
-may be premalignant

28
Q

Ectopia

A

Developmental abnormality
Normal tissue
Abnormal site
e.g. offset kidney or in orthodontics!

29
Q

Cell stress –> cell death

A

Cell stress + (dose intensity and cell vulnerability) –> adaptation or injury
Structural or metabolic adaptation
Structural adaptation –> injury
Injury –> reversible –> irreversible (past point of no return) –> cell death

30
Q

Normal cell adaptations

A

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

31
Q

Hamartoma

A

Tumour-like overgrowth

  • grows in px’s growth period
  • stops growing
  • tissues are normal for site, but excessive
  • e.g. pigemented naevi (moles), haemangioma

Growth and Development (23 decks)

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