models of disability Flashcards
what are models?
sets of guiding assumptions, concepts, and propositions about the nature of the human experience.
what is something to keep in mind about models?
they are subject to error as they are made by humans, they are merely representations of our experiences.
what do disability models do?
- defines what a disability is
- identifies the “problems” and their solutions
- looks at the needs associated with disabilities (ex: if the cause for disabilities is medical, then there must be resources to meet medical needs)
- guides policies
- helps us learn about the experiences of disabilities
- shapes self-identity
- can cause prejudice
what is causal attribution?
the location of the problem.
what is responsibility attribution?
who is to solve the problem.
what is the religious-moral model?
it views disability as a punishment from god due to previous mistakes from other generations.
what has the longest history of all the models?
the religious-moral model.
how were PWD viewed in the religious-moral model?
were thought to be the embodiment of the devil and because of that, were either killed, beaten, prayed for, or segregated.
how were the families of PWD treated in the religious-moral model?
they were often ostracized as well.
what is the biomedical model?
uses clear-cut measures, including physicians, to look at disability.
what does the biomedical model particularly focus on?
anatomy.
what does the biomedical model consider normal and pathological?
normal: without a disability
pathological: with a disability
how does the biomedical model view disability?
basically views people with disabilities as something medically wrong with them.
what does the biomedical model place power in?
medical professionals to “remove the experiences of people with disabilities from the general public.”
what was a disabled person’s outcome likely to be during the biomedical model?
people used to either die or be fully cured but we now understand that disability can be included in this.
how was diabetes previously treated?
there used to be no treatment options so it was a matter of time until the person died (disability over person).
with the biomedical model, were people with disabilities shamed?
yes, they ere blamed for having them, and they were seen as conditions “to be fixed.”
how do many PWO feel in the biomedical model?
that they are treated as “monsters” or as inferior by medical professionals.
who was ed roberts?
- contracted polio
- fought hard to graduate high school and was admitted into U.C. berkeley
- founded the rolling quads, a group that fought to live outside of the hospital
- was later appointed to be the director of the california state department of rehabilitation
what disabilities do not do well with the biomedical model?
intellectual, cognitive, and psychological disabilities.
why do particular disabilities not do well with the biomedical model?
they typically occur throughout life while this model’s goal is to “fix” the disability as soon as possible.
what are the two outcomes of the biomedical model?
- people with disabilities, even if they are healthy, are still advised to seek out medical professionals
- many insurance companies will not cover medical services after stabilization of a condition (ex: counseling for disabilities)
what is the environmental model?
states that disability is caused/influenced by their social and physical environment.
what does the environmental model question about a person’s living conditions?
asks if it can make it more difficult for a PWO to thrive depending on how disability friendly that area is.
what is the social aspect of the environmental model?
asks how society can shape how a disability is viewed.
what disability is often associated with the environmental model?
learning disabilities as they were not very noticeable in preliterate societies.
what other types of disabilities are associated with the environmental model?
psychiatric disabilities as the environment can help or hinder a person.
what does the environmental model say about prejudice?
that it is not inherent to disability, but rather is the cause of the environment.
what is the functional model?
looks at the functions of an individual impact/influence the disability.
most functional models only include what?
a person’s ability to work and live.
many PWD regard the functional model as what?
as an economic one as it looks at how much a person with a disability earns.
why is the shift of work in the U.S. notable?
- previously, where physical work was valued, people with physical disabilities may have suffered
- today, the opposite it true as society values information processing and service
previously PWD in small, rural communities were what?
accepted.
why it is hard for PWD moving from rural communities to big cities?
they often meet new people who do not understand their disability.
what is a surplus population?
a group of people who were thought to provide little value to society.
why is assistive technology helpful?
allows PWD to complete tasks easier.
what is functional electronic stimulation (FES)?
- successive bursts of low-level, controlled electricity stimulate paralyzed muscles to contract via computer programs
- this allows the muscles to perform coordinated movements
what is the sociopolitical model/the minority group model/independent living model?
states that disability is a societal concern where society causes disability instead of the individual.
higher rates of disability are often linked with what?
a lack of health insurance, education, and poverty.
what other characteristics does the sociopolitical model consider?
things beyond an individual’s disability like their gender or religion.
what does the sociopolitical model point out about race?
recognizes that people of a racial or ethnic minority are more likely to experience disabilities.
how does the sociopolitical model view prejudice?
sees it as a result of society.
what model is the ADA based on?
the sociopolitical model and possibly the functional model.
