models of disability Flashcards
what are models?
sets of guiding assumptions, concepts, and propositions about the nature of the human experience.
what is something to keep in mind about models?
they are subject to error as they are made by humans, they are merely representations of our experiences.
what do disability models do?
- defines what a disability is
- identifies the “problems” and their solutions
- looks at the needs associated with disabilities (ex: if the cause for disabilities is medical, then there must be resources to meet medical needs)
- guides policies
- helps us learn about the experiences of disabilities
- shapes self-identity
- can cause prejudice
what is causal attribution?
the location of the problem.
what is responsibility attribution?
who is to solve the problem.
what is the religious-moral model?
it views disability as a punishment from god due to previous mistakes from other generations.
what has the longest history of all the models?
the religious-moral model.
how were PWD viewed in the religious-moral model?
were thought to be the embodiment of the devil and because of that, were either killed, beaten, prayed for, or segregated.
how were the families of PWD treated in the religious-moral model?
they were often ostracized as well.
what is the biomedical model?
uses clear-cut measures, including physicians, to look at disability.
what does the biomedical model particularly focus on?
anatomy.
what does the biomedical model consider normal and pathological?
normal: without a disability
pathological: with a disability
how does the biomedical model view disability?
basically views people with disabilities as something medically wrong with them.
what does the biomedical model place power in?
medical professionals to “remove the experiences of people with disabilities from the general public.”
what was a disabled person’s outcome likely to be during the biomedical model?
people used to either die or be fully cured but we now understand that disability can be included in this.
how was diabetes previously treated?
there used to be no treatment options so it was a matter of time until the person died (disability over person).
with the biomedical model, were people with disabilities shamed?
yes, they ere blamed for having them, and they were seen as conditions “to be fixed.”
how do many PWO feel in the biomedical model?
that they are treated as “monsters” or as inferior by medical professionals.
who was ed roberts?
- contracted polio
- fought hard to graduate high school and was admitted into U.C. berkeley
- founded the rolling quads, a group that fought to live outside of the hospital
- was later appointed to be the director of the california state department of rehabilitation
what disabilities do not do well with the biomedical model?
intellectual, cognitive, and psychological disabilities.
why do particular disabilities not do well with the biomedical model?
they typically occur throughout life while this model’s goal is to “fix” the disability as soon as possible.
what are the two outcomes of the biomedical model?
- people with disabilities, even if they are healthy, are still advised to seek out medical professionals
- many insurance companies will not cover medical services after stabilization of a condition (ex: counseling for disabilities)
what is the environmental model?
states that disability is caused/influenced by their social and physical environment.
what does the environmental model question about a person’s living conditions?
asks if it can make it more difficult for a PWO to thrive depending on how disability friendly that area is.
what is the social aspect of the environmental model?
asks how society can shape how a disability is viewed.
what disability is often associated with the environmental model?
learning disabilities as they were not very noticeable in preliterate societies.
what other types of disabilities are associated with the environmental model?
psychiatric disabilities as the environment can help or hinder a person.
what does the environmental model say about prejudice?
that it is not inherent to disability, but rather is the cause of the environment.
what is the functional model?
looks at the functions of an individual impact/influence the disability.
most functional models only include what?
a person’s ability to work and live.
many PWD regard the functional model as what?
as an economic one as it looks at how much a person with a disability earns.
why is the shift of work in the U.S. notable?
- previously, where physical work was valued, people with physical disabilities may have suffered
- today, the opposite it true as society values information processing and service
previously PWD in small, rural communities were what?
accepted.
why it is hard for PWD moving from rural communities to big cities?
they often meet new people who do not understand their disability.
what is a surplus population?
a group of people who were thought to provide little value to society.
why is assistive technology helpful?
allows PWD to complete tasks easier.
what is functional electronic stimulation (FES)?
- successive bursts of low-level, controlled electricity stimulate paralyzed muscles to contract via computer programs
- this allows the muscles to perform coordinated movements
what is the sociopolitical model/the minority group model/independent living model?
states that disability is a societal concern where society causes disability instead of the individual.
higher rates of disability are often linked with what?
a lack of health insurance, education, and poverty.
what other characteristics does the sociopolitical model consider?
things beyond an individual’s disability like their gender or religion.
what does the sociopolitical model point out about race?
recognizes that people of a racial or ethnic minority are more likely to experience disabilities.
how does the sociopolitical model view prejudice?
sees it as a result of society.
what model is the ADA based on?
the sociopolitical model and possibly the functional model.
much of the foundation for the sociopolitical model was developed in the what?
the civil rights movement.
what is important to remember about the models of disability?
all the models are related and no one follows just one of them.
what are many social security programs are based on?
the biomedical model (presence of a disability must be established for benefits to be received).
the social security program funds what?
the supplemental insurance income (SII) and social security disability income (SSDI).
federal/state programs are often based on what model?
the functional model as benefits are granted and a person proves they can no longer work.
what is dichotomy?
present or not present.
what is continuum?
present or not present, but also accommodates the in betweens.
in the continuum, there are what?
far ends on both sides, severe to mild disabilities.
disabilities are diagnosed based on what?
measures of diagnostic tools.
have the cut-off points for the continuum changed?
- yes, they have
- ex: the american diabetes association has lowered the cut-off so more people can get help earlier on and prevent complications
in 1998, the social security administration stated that what?
substance and alcohol abuse were no longer considered disabilities, therefore they could not receive benefits.
what are the four categories of definitional disabilities?
- legal
- clinical
- cultural
- personal
what is clinical?
usually found in psychiatric handbook.
what is one of the most important types of definitional disabilities?
personal as it asks how one defines their disability.
one of the most widely defined definitions of disability includes what?
physical, intellectual, cognitive, or psychiatric conditions that impair functioning and that person is subjected to prejudice.
what are the degrees of disability?
- mild
- moderate
- severe/profound
how do severe/profound disabilities often impair a person?
in many areas of their life.
hearing loss degrees are based on what?
decibels.
what does a range of 25-40 decibels mean?
mild hearing loss.
what does a range of 40-60 decibels mean?
moderate hearing loss.
what does a range of 60-80 decibels mean?
severe hearing loss (3 standard deviations below the mean).
what is case management?
coordination of services of many professionals to provide comprehensive, long care for a person.
why do severe disabilities tend to be diagnosed faster than mild ones?
they are more noticeable.
what degree of disabilities tend to face more prejudice?
severe as they are more noticeable.
what are the two choices for serving those with disabilities?
- serve as many people with mild disabilities as possible
- for that same cost, serve severe disabilities
what does congenital mean?
from birth.
what does acquired mean?
gained sometime after birth.
what is also important to consider when making a diagnosis?
the age of onset.
people with invisible disabilities tend to not receive as many what?
benefits.
when was the americans with disabilities act signed into law?
in 1990.
what are the three parts of the ADA?
- the statue itself
- regulations and policy guidelines
- court decisions
how many sections/titles does the ADA have?
five.
what is title one of the ADA?
- employment
- includes all employment aspects from hiring, pay, benefits, training, promotions, tenures, and terminations
employers with 15 or more employees can not what?
discriminate based on disability and they must be willing to provide accommodations.
employers are not allowed to ask what?
if a person has a disability.
according to title one of the ADA, PWD must be what?
paid the same.
who enforces title one of the ADA?
the equal employment opportunity commission.
what is title two of the ADA?
- transportation
- looks at public transportation vehicles, like buses, must make sure that they are accessible for everyone
what does title two of the ADA require?
that transportation companies must provide PWD the same bus schedules and routes as PWOD.
who enforces title two of the ADA?
the architectural and transportation barriers compliance board and the department of transportation.
what is title three of the ADA?
- public accommodations and services
- PWD cannot be denied accommodations from public places like motels or movie theaters (private and religious organizations are exempt)
who enforces title three of the ADA?
the attorney general.
what is title four of the ADA?
- telecommunications
- PWD who have speech or hearing difficulties have the right to fast, efficient, nationwide communication services
all telephone companies must provide what?
free, 24/7 telephone access that is accessible to everyone.
who enforces title four of the ADA?
the federal telecommunications commission.
what is title five of the ADA?
- miscellaneous
- includes making things like historical sites and the wilderness accessible for all
what does the ADA not cover?
- users of illegal drugs
- kleptomania
- pyromania
- substance abusers
- compulsive gamblers
what was the reason behind the ADA?
PWD are discriminated against and deserve to be protected.
what is a mental impairment?
any emotional or psychological disorder, like mental retardation.
according to the ADA, to have a disability, someone must what?
document a physical or mental impairment and one area that it affects their lives.
the ADA does not require what?
preferential treatment to PWD (not exempt from any qualifications that other people must fulfill).
before the ADA, there was what?
limited legal protections and limited enforcement.
what is the resistance against the ADA?
- false beliefs that PWD are now receiving unfair benefits
- people may also dislike government interference
who does not need to follow the ADA?
private, religious, and native organizations.
what are some of the results of the ADA?
- made things like closed-captions
- it has increased group solidarity
after the ADA, what happened in employment?
there was a 27% decrease in PWD who were employed.
in 1915, newspapers referred to PWD as what?
‘defective’ or ‘idiots.’
what is person-first language?
- language that puts the person before anything else
- ex: it is not the disabilities with americans act, it is the americans with disabilities
the media often ties disability with what?
sickness.
do not mention a disability if it is not what?
relevant to the conversation.
what are sensational terms?
includes things like ‘victim’ or ‘survivor.’
what should be used in place of ‘handicapped?’
‘disability.’
why are euphemisms like “physically challenged” insulting?
it implies that being disabled is a negative thing and suggests that disabilities are not as difficult as they seem.
what is in-group language?
- language that would be offensive for PWOD to use
- a way of reclaiming words
people who face prejudice, like PWD, are often put into what?
catch-all categories like ‘special’ or ‘exceptional.’
why are catch-all categories bad?
it can be exclusionary to put people in these groups.
