Models and theories Flashcards
theory
org/sys to explain how things are related–help guide info?
- explain complex ideas/concepts r/t illness, health, impact on outcome
Theories are used to…
- organize info
- provide direction
- replicate on larger scale and across more settings
Microscopic theory target group
focus on ind and ind fam
mesoscopic theory target group
small comm like institution, school, workplace
macroscopic theory target group
focus on broader, comm, subpop and pop
- social, econ, enviro level
individual focss theory
- explains health bx and infl bx
- guide strats to help achieve ind health
- based on value expectancy
- does not address social, pol, comm, struc or enviro fx
Value expectancy
expectancy is belief they can chx, value is importance of chx; if either is low, motivation is low
Examples of microscopic theories
health belief model
transtheoretical model
Health belief model
ind perceptions and modifying fx determine likelihood of action and future bx
Which factors make up individual perceptions?
Perceived susceptibility (to illness) and perceived severity (how bad a condx is/would be to have)
Which factors make up likelihood of action?
Perceived benefits and barriers
Modifying fx in HBM
self-efficacy, cues to action, psychosocial, demographics
Cues to action
strats to prepare and make one ready for action
transtheoretical model stages
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action, maintenance
Can you exit and enter at any stage of the theoretical change model?
YES
Examples of macroscopic theories
Empowerment theory
Theory of Change
Empowerment theory
focus on achieving goals by using comm strength and resources to change systems
- focus on positives
- recognize need for structure/societal changes
- examine social structure and gender disparity, racism, ethnocentrism, edu, health literacy, class disparities
Theory of change
explains how interventions can lead to specific changes
Theory of change steps
- Impact
- Outcomes
- Output
- Activities
- Inputs
Impact stage of theory of change
systemic chx you expect long term (years)
- can define outcomes
(ex: Ecuadorian women have more mobility and health)
Outcomes in theory of change
intended and unintended changes that your stakeholders are experiencing or might see with intervention (ex: dec violence, HC access)
Output stage of theory of change
immediate results of activities or products (ex: dev a business)
Activities stage of theory of change
answer “what activities need to take place for an ouput to occurr” (ex: sex health edu)
Input stage of theory of change
resources or investments needed to ensure the activities take place (ex: loan, edu)
Socioecological model
- used to better understand human bx
- researchers use to assess when ind levels/bx aren’t changing
- interventions that take place on multiple levels are more effective
Which model works on the micro and macro level?
Socioecological models
Aspects of individual level of socioecological model and interventions
age, income, edu, sub use, hx abuse
- life skills training, safety/health relx workshop
Aspects of relationship level of socioecological and interventions
peers, partner, fam
- parenting class, peer support groups
Aspects of community level of socioecological model and interventions
school, neighborhood, workplace
- instability, poverty, segregation
Aspects of societal level of socioecological model and interventions
cultural norms, policy and law, social inequalities
- promote social norms against violence, edu and employment opportunity
diffusion of innovation theory
idea of product gains momentum and diffuses (is adopted) thru specific pop or social sys with time
- must perceive idea, bx, product as new and innovative
Adoption
person/pop does something different that what they had before
Limits of the diffusion of innovation theory
- does not foster comm engagement/participation - more about categorization
benefits of the diffusion of innovation theory
- used to accel adoption of public health bx
- better for adopting new bx than stopping old bx
- best when targets a specific pop
Classifications of populations for diffusion innovation theory
innovator, early adopter, early majority, late majority, laggards
Precontemplation stage
not engaging in change bx and no interest in doing so
Contemplation stage
Committed to changing within 6 months
Preparation stage
seriously considering a change and has taken some steps toward the objective
Action stage
performing the change for less than 6 months
Maintenance stage
Performing the action for over 6 months
