Model Organisms and the Human Genome Project Flashcards
Definition
a method of DNA sequencing first commercialized by Applied Biosystems, based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication
Sanger sequencing
Definition
free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments
Caenorhabditis elegans
What are the advantages of zebrafish as a model organism?
Difference between individuals occurs due to what?
SNP and Copy Number Variations
Define
Deuterostome
a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, within Animalia, and are distinguished from protostomes by their deuterostomic embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth
What are the advantages of using nematodes as a model organism?
Definition
a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development
Third generation sequencing
Definition
Scientific name for the zebrafish
Danio rerio
Definition
a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail. Scientific name for the mouse
Mus musculus
Define
Phylogenetic tree
a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms
Why was the Human Genome Project started?
- Make a complete and accurate sequence of the human genome
- Identify all genes
- Understand the tole of genes in cell differentiation, development, ageing, metabolism etc.
- Personalised medicine
- Role in disease
Definition
an approach used to identify genes (or set of genes) responsible for a particular phenotype of an organism
Forward genetics
What are the disadvantages of mice as model organisms?
Define
Euchromatin
chromosome material which does not stain strongly except during cell division. It represents the major genes and is involved in transcription
Definition
the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell
Interactome
Definition
a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, within Animalia, and are distinguished from protostomes by their deuterostomic embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth
Deuterostome
What are the disadvantages of using yeast as a model organism?
Define
SINEs
Short sequences of non-coding DNA present at high frequencies in various eukaryotic genomes
What collection of sequencing methods does Monash use?
Next generation sequencing
Definition
Short sequences of non-coding DNA present at high frequencies in various eukaryotic genomes
SINEs
Definition
a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the “sequencing by synthesis” principle. It differs from Sanger sequencing, in that it relies on the detection of pyrophosphate release on nucleotide incorporation, rather than chain termination with dideoxynucleotides
Pyrosequencing
Definition
an international research effort to determine the DNA sequence of the entire human genome
Human genome project
Definition
the study of transcriptomes and their functions
Transcriptomics
Definition
a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly (though inaccurately) or vinegar fly
Drosophila melanogaster
Define
Mus musculus
a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail. Scientific name for the mouse
Define
Copy number variation (CNV)
a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals in the human population
Define
Genomics
the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes
Why are human not feasible to conduct research on?
Low progeny numbers
Can not genetically manipulate
High cost
Not true breeding
Long generation time
ETHICS
Definition
chromosome material which does not stain strongly except during cell division. It represents the major genes and is involved in transcription
Euchromatin
Definition
A cloning method based on the generation of random large fragments of DNA which are inserted (cloned) into vectors to form a genome library—a large number of different recombinant DNA molecules
Shot gun cloning