Mod1-Obj3: Classes of macromolecules

Question 1

Organic compounds

Answer 1

• Contain both carbon and hydrogen

- Often large

Question 2

Inorganic compounds

Answer 2

-All other body chemical
-Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
E.g.) CO2

Question 3

4 classes of organic compounds make our body…

Answer 3

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Question 4

Macromolecules are polymers

Answer 4

Chain-like molecules made up of similar or repeating units called monomers

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

• Include sugar and starches

- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration CH2O

Question 6

Carbohydrates are classified by size and solubility

Answer 6

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Simple sugars or monomers

• Glucose, fructose
• Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Dimers (2 joined monomers formed through dehydration synthesis)
-Sucrose, lactose

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Polymer-Many monomers joined to form long, branching chains

• Storage products
• Glycogen-glucose polymer produced by animals
• Starch-glucose polymer produced by plants

Question 10

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 10

1. ) Provide energy for all cellular functions

2. ) building materials; represent 1-2% of cell mass, cell membrane receptors, part of our genetic material

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

• Lipids include plant and animal fats

- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 12

Three kinds of lipids…

Answer 12

1. ) Triglycerides
2. ) Phospholipids
3. ) Steroids

Question 13

Triglycerides

Answer 13

-Neutral fats occur as fats (solid) and oils (liquid)
Two types of building blocks (3:1 ratio)
-Fatty acids-Linear chains of C and H atoms with an acid groups at one end
-Glycerol-Modified sugar
-Non polar/hydrophobic

Question 14

Function of triglycerides

Answer 14

1. ) Long term energy storage

2. Subcutaneous fat: thermal insulation and protection from mechanical trauma

Question 15

Phospholipids

Answer 15

Modified triglyceride
-Amphipathic molecule
1.) Hydrophobic (non-polar) fatty acid ‘tail’
2. Hydrophilic (polar) phosphate-containing head
“Although the hydrocarbon portion (the “tail”) of the molecule is nonpolar and interacts only with nonpolar molecules, the phosphorus-containing part (the “head”) is polar and attracts other polar or charged particles, such as water or ions”

Question 16

Function of phospholipids

Answer 16

1. ) Form cell membranes

2. ) Transport lipids in plasma

Question 17

Steroids

Answer 17

Flat molecules of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

• Formed from cholesterol
• Essential for life

Question 18

Steroid: Bile salts

Answer 18

Aids in fat digestion and absorption

Question 19

Steroid: Vitamin D

Answer 19

Necessary for normal bone growth and function

Question 20

Steroid: Sex hormones

Answer 20

-Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Necessary for normal reproductive development and function

Question 21

Steroid: Adrenocortical hormones

Answer 21

Cortisol-Maintenance of blood glucose levels

Aldosterone-Regulates salt and water balance

Question 22

Eicosanoids

Answer 22

Prostaglandins-Role in blood clotting, pain sensitisation, inflammation, uterine contractions
-Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin to prevent pain

Question 23

Vitamin A

Answer 23

a part of the photoreceptor involved in vision

Question 24

Vitamin E

Answer 24

promotes wound healing, contributes to fertility, and may help to neutralize highly reactive particles called free radicals believed to be involved in triggering some types of cancer

Question 25

Vitamin K

Answer 25

Necessary for adequate clotting of blood

Question 26

Lipoproteins

Answer 26

Transport phospholipids and cholesterol in the blood

Question 27

Proteins

Answer 27

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 28

Two structural classifications define two functional groups

Answer 28

1. ) Fibrous proteins-Structural roles 2. ) Globular proteins-Functional groups - The structure of a protein defines its function

Question 29

Fibrous proteins

Answer 29

- Extended, strand-like | - Building materials, provide mechanical support and tensile strength

Question 30

Structural proteins: Collagen

Answer 30

Found in connective tissues; tensile strength of bones, tendons and ligaments

Question 31

Structural proteins: Keratin

Answer 31

Substance of hair and nails, provides water-resistance to skin

Question 32

Structural proteins: elastin

Answer 32

Provides flexibility in tendons, ligaments, skin

Question 33

Movement proteins: Actin&myosin

Answer 33

Contractile proteins in muscle cells

Question 34

Globular proteins

Answer 34

- Compact, spherical | - Crucial role in all biological process

Question 35

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Enzymes

Answer 35

Biological catalysts

Question 36

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Transport

Answer 36

Transport substances within the blood e.g.) haemoglobin and across cell membranes

Question 37

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Regulation

Answer 37

Regulation of pH e.g.) albumin, regulation of metabolism e.g.) hormones

Question 38

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Defence

Answer 38

Defence e.g.) antibodies, compliment proteins

Question 39

Protein structure determines its function

Answer 39

- Proteins are made up of amino acids (monomer) - The function of a protein depends on its 3-D shape/structure, which is determined by... 1. ) Sequence of amino acids 2. ) How amino acid string is coiled and folded 3. ) Bonds forming between amino acids in adjacent parts of the polymer

Question 40

Function of a protein depends on its 3-D shape...

Answer 40

Any change in that shape can alter or destroy its function | -When proteins are denatured, they can no longer perform their function

Question 41

Within the body, proteins are most commonly denatured by...

Answer 41

Changes in pH or temperature (disrupts bonds within the molecule) - Minor denaturation is reversible when body conditions are restored - More significant denaturation, can lead to permanent loss of function, cell malfunction, disease and in extremities, death.

Question 42

The function of every cell (and therefore tissue/organ) depends on protein function

Answer 42

The body must maintain stable internal conditions to prevent protein denaturation

Question 43

Nucleic acids

Answer 43

- Largest molecules in the body - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - Nucleic acids contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous - Built from nucleotides

Question 44

DNA

Answer 44

- Located in the nucleus | - DNA constitutes our genetic material or genome

Question 45

Fundamental roles of DNA

Answer 45

1. ) Self replication: Daughter cells have identical genetic material 2. ) Provides instructions for building every protein in the body

Question 46

DNA structure

Answer 46

- Is a double-stranded polymer coiled into a helix - Two nucleotide chains held together by bonds between bases - Base pairing: A-T and G-C - The sequence of the base pairs is a code that defines the sequence of amino acids in protein

Question 47

The span of DNA with instructions for one person is called a...

Answer 47

Gene

Question 48

DNA organisation

Answer 48

- Associated with proteins and is organised into chromosomes | - All human cells (except gametes) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 49

RNA

Answer 49

- Located in the cytoplasm (area outside of the nucleus) | - Single-stranded polymer of nucleus (uracil replaces thymine)

Question 50

Function of RNA

Answer 50

Carry out the orders for protein synthesis, issued by the DNA

Question 51

1.) Messenger RNA

Answer 51

A copy of the DNA code

Question 52

2.) Ribosomal RNA

Answer 52

Reads the mRNA code and connects amino acids

Question 53

3.) Transfer RNA

Answer 53

Delivers the amino acids to make the protein

Question 54

ATP

Answer 54

ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells -The breakdown of ATP releases energy that cells use to work