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BMA1901-Module 1 > Mod1-Obj3: Classes of macromolecules > Flashcards

Mod1-Obj3: Classes of macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • Contain both carbon and hydrogen

- Often large

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2
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

-All other body chemical
-Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
E.g.) CO2

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3
Q

4 classes of organic compounds make our body…

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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4
Q

Macromolecules are polymers

A

Chain-like molecules made up of similar or repeating units called monomers

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Include sugar and starches

- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration CH2O

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6
Q

Carbohydrates are classified by size and solubility

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars or monomers

  • Glucose, fructose
  • Contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
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8
Q

Disaccharides

A

Dimers (2 joined monomers formed through dehydration synthesis)
-Sucrose, lactose

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9
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymer-Many monomers joined to form long, branching chains

  • Storage products
  • Glycogen-glucose polymer produced by animals
  • Starch-glucose polymer produced by plants
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10
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. ) Provide energy for all cellular functions

2. ) building materials; represent 1-2% of cell mass, cell membrane receptors, part of our genetic material

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11
Q

Lipids

A
  • Lipids include plant and animal fats

- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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12
Q

Three kinds of lipids…

A
  1. ) Triglycerides
  2. ) Phospholipids
  3. ) Steroids
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13
Q

Triglycerides

A

-Neutral fats occur as fats (solid) and oils (liquid)
Two types of building blocks (3:1 ratio)
-Fatty acids-Linear chains of C and H atoms with an acid groups at one end
-Glycerol-Modified sugar
-Non polar/hydrophobic

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14
Q

Function of triglycerides

A
  1. ) Long term energy storage

2. Subcutaneous fat: thermal insulation and protection from mechanical trauma

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15
Q

Phospholipids

A

Modified triglyceride
-Amphipathic molecule
1.) Hydrophobic (non-polar) fatty acid ‘tail’
2. Hydrophilic (polar) phosphate-containing head
“Although the hydrocarbon portion (the “tail”) of the molecule is nonpolar and interacts only with nonpolar molecules, the phosphorus-containing part (the “head”) is polar and attracts other polar or charged particles, such as water or ions”

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16
Q

Function of phospholipids

A
  1. ) Form cell membranes

2. ) Transport lipids in plasma

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17
Q

Steroids

A

Flat molecules of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

  • Formed from cholesterol
  • Essential for life
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18
Q

Steroid: Bile salts

A

Aids in fat digestion and absorption

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19
Q

Steroid: Vitamin D

A

Necessary for normal bone growth and function

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20
Q

Steroid: Sex hormones

A

-Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Necessary for normal reproductive development and function

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21
Q

Steroid: Adrenocortical hormones

A

Cortisol-Maintenance of blood glucose levels

Aldosterone-Regulates salt and water balance

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22
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins-Role in blood clotting, pain sensitisation, inflammation, uterine contractions
-Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin to prevent pain

23
Q

Vitamin A

A

a part of the photoreceptor involved in vision

24
Q

Vitamin E

A

promotes wound healing, contributes to fertility, and may help to neutralize highly reactive particles called free radicals believed to be involved in triggering some types of cancer

25
Q

Vitamin K

A

Necessary for adequate clotting of blood

26
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport phospholipids and cholesterol in the blood

27
Q

Proteins

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

28
Q

Two structural classifications define two functional groups

A
  1. ) Fibrous proteins-Structural roles
  2. ) Globular proteins-Functional groups
    - The structure of a protein defines its function
29
Q

Fibrous proteins

A
  • Extended, strand-like

- Building materials, provide mechanical support and tensile strength

30
Q

Structural proteins: Collagen

A

Found in connective tissues; tensile strength of bones, tendons and ligaments

31
Q

Structural proteins: Keratin

A

Substance of hair and nails, provides water-resistance to skin

32
Q

Structural proteins: elastin

A

Provides flexibility in tendons, ligaments, skin

33
Q

Movement proteins: Actin&myosin

A

Contractile proteins in muscle cells

34
Q

Globular proteins

A
  • Compact, spherical

- Crucial role in all biological process

35
Q

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

36
Q

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Transport

A

Transport substances within the blood e.g.) haemoglobin and across cell membranes

37
Q

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Regulation

A

Regulation of pH e.g.) albumin, regulation of metabolism e.g.) hormones

38
Q

Functional proteins(Globular proteins): Defence

A

Defence e.g.) antibodies, compliment proteins

39
Q

Protein structure determines its function

A
  • Proteins are made up of amino acids (monomer)
  • The function of a protein depends on its 3-D shape/structure, which is determined by…
    1. ) Sequence of amino acids
    2. ) How amino acid string is coiled and folded
    3. ) Bonds forming between amino acids in adjacent parts of the polymer
40
Q

Function of a protein depends on its 3-D shape…

A

Any change in that shape can alter or destroy its function

-When proteins are denatured, they can no longer perform their function

41
Q

Within the body, proteins are most commonly denatured by…

A

Changes in pH or temperature (disrupts bonds within the molecule)

  • Minor denaturation is reversible when body conditions are restored
  • More significant denaturation, can lead to permanent loss of function, cell malfunction, disease and in extremities, death.
42
Q

The function of every cell (and therefore tissue/organ) depends on protein function

A

The body must maintain stable internal conditions to prevent protein denaturation

43
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Largest molecules in the body
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Nucleic acids contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
  • Built from nucleotides
44
Q

DNA

A
  • Located in the nucleus

- DNA constitutes our genetic material or genome

45
Q

Fundamental roles of DNA

A
  1. ) Self replication: Daughter cells have identical genetic material
  2. ) Provides instructions for building every protein in the body
46
Q

DNA structure

A
  • Is a double-stranded polymer coiled into a helix
  • Two nucleotide chains held together by bonds between bases
  • Base pairing: A-T and G-C
  • The sequence of the base pairs is a code that defines the sequence of amino acids in protein
47
Q

The span of DNA with instructions for one person is called a…

A

Gene

48
Q

DNA organisation

A
  • Associated with proteins and is organised into chromosomes

- All human cells (except gametes) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

49
Q

RNA

A
  • Located in the cytoplasm (area outside of the nucleus)

- Single-stranded polymer of nucleus (uracil replaces thymine)

50
Q

Function of RNA

A

Carry out the orders for protein synthesis, issued by the DNA

51
Q

1.) Messenger RNA

A

A copy of the DNA code

52
Q

2.) Ribosomal RNA

A

Reads the mRNA code and connects amino acids

53
Q

3.) Transfer RNA

A

Delivers the amino acids to make the protein

54
Q

ATP

A

ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells
-The breakdown of ATP releases energy that cells use to work

BMA1901-Module 1 (7 decks)

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