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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #2 > MOD Etc. I > Flashcards

MOD Etc. I Flashcards

1
Q

When I think of Burkitt lymphoma, I must think of:

A

MYC

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2
Q

La-Fraumeni syndrome is associates with what mutation?

A

p53

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3
Q

Which cancer is associated with an overexpression of BCL2 due to a (14;18) translocation?

A

Follicular B cell leukemia

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4
Q

How do cancers create their own circulation?

A

Hypoxia induces angiogenesis through HIF-a leading to increased VEGF.

VEGF inhibitors can be used to treat some advanced cancers.

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5
Q

HNPCC syndrome

A

Defects in mismatch repair, leading to development of carcinomas of the colon.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma

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6
Q

What gene products can cause genetic instability leading to lymphoid neoplasms? (3)

A

RAG1, RAG2, AID

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7
Q

What is the function of long intervening noncoding RNA (linc-DNA)?

A

They regulate the activity of chromatin by modifying histones and thereby control gene expression.

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8
Q

What are direct carcinogens?

A

They require no metabolic breakdown to become toxic. Most are weak, but some may be omportant because they are cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Those agents can delay recurrence/onset of certain cancers, but lead to a secondary form of cancer, usually acute myeloid leukemia.

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9
Q

Indirect carcinogens

A

Carcinogens that require metabolic breaksdown to become carcinogenic

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10
Q

What is the most common secondary cancer?

A

AML

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11
Q

What breaks down most carcinogens?

A

CYP-450-dependent mono-oxygenases

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12
Q

What does aflatoxin B1 do?

A

It is a chemical carcinogen produced by Aspergillus that can target a hotspot and lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.

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13
Q

What does HTLV-1 infect?

A

CD4+ cells

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14
Q

What are 3 AIDS defining malignancies?

A

Kaposi sarcoma, B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer

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15
Q

What are the 2 most common EBV associated tumors?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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16
Q

H. pylori can lead to (2):

A

Gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric lymphomas

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17
Q

Cancer cachexia is associated with (3):

A

Equal loss of fat and muscle

Elevated BMR

Systemic inflammation

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18
Q

5 neoplastic syndromes

A 
Endocrinopathies
Hypercalcemia
Neuromyopathic
Acanthosis nigricans
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
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19
Q

Cushing syndrome-type features is associated with which malignancy?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

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20
Q

What malignancy is associated with hypercalcemia?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with which cancers?

A

Carcinomas of pancreas and lung

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22
Q

DIC is associated with which cancer?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

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23
Q

Staging of tumors 0/4 , 0/3, 0/2, T0

A

0/4 tumor
0/3 nodes
0/2 mets
T0 CIS

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24
Q

What are the trends for:

CVD
Cancer
Neonatal diseases
Diarrhea-related disease
HIV/AIDS
A 
CVD - up
Cancer - up
Neonatal diseases - down
Diarrhea-related disease - down
HIV/AIDS - up slightly
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25
Q

4 categories of DZs that are worsening w/ climate change:

A

CVS/repiratory
GI infections/foodborne/waterborne DZs
Vector-borne DZs
Malnutrition

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26
Q

P-450 reaction w/ carbon tetrachloride creates:

A

Trichloromethyl free radical in the liver

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27
Q

Where do particulates larger than 10 um removed from?

A

The nose or trapped in mucociliary epithelium of the airways.

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28
Q

How does CO kill?

A

CNS depression -> widespreak ischemic changes, primarily at the basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei.

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29
Q

Where is Pb found?

A

Paint
Soil
Occupational: batteries, pigments, radiators, tin cans

30
Q

Pb poisoning in adults

In kids:

A

Adults: peripheral neuropathies -> wrist drop, then foot drop.

Kids: intellectual, behavioral, hyperactivity, poor organization.

31
Q

What can ensue from Pb poisoning at the kidneys?

A

PCT damage -> interstitial fibrosis and renal failure

32
Q

Where are lead lines found?

A

At joints and gums

33
Q

Minamata disease

A

Due to Mg poisoning and leads to cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, MR and CNS damage to kids in utero.

34
Q

What organs does Mg affect?

A

CNS (developing brain) and kidneys

35
Q

Where is Mg found?

A

Fish and vapors from dental amalgams

36
Q

Where is arsenic found?

A

GI
NS
Skin
Heart

37
Q

Where is arsenic found?

A

Soil and water
Wood preservatives
Herbicides
Herbal meds

38
Q

Where is cadmium toxic?

How?

A

Kidneys and lungs

39
Q

How do the following toxicities occur?

Pb
Mg
Ar
Cd

A

Pb: binds sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes w/ Ca++ metabolism.
Mg: sulfhydryl groups.
Ar: interferes with cellular metabolism.
Cd: increasing ROS

40
Q

Where are chloroform and carbon tetrachloride found?

A

Degreasing and dry cleaning agents

Paint removers

41
Q

What does acute vs. chronic exposure to chloroform and carbon tetrachloride cause?

A

Acute: dizziness and confusion -> CNS depression and coma.

Chronic: toxic to liver and kidneys.

42
Q

Benzene and 1,3-butadiene increase the risk for:

A

Acute myeloid leukemia

43
Q

Vinyl chloride word association:

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

44
Q

Dioxins and PCBs cause:

A

Folliculitis and a dermatosis = chloracne (acne, cysts, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, etc.)

45
Q

How long does the excess risk of smoking exist for after quitting?

A

30 yrs

46
Q

What is a multiplier of tobacco use?

What cancers can occur?

A

Alcohol.

Laryngeal and oral cancers.

47
Q

10x higher incidence of lung carcinomas in which 2 settings with smokers?

A

Asbestos workers

Uranium miners

48
Q

3 effects of maternal smoking:

A

Spontaneous abortions
Preterm births
IUGR

49
Q

Multiplicative effect on MIs when combined with:

A

Smoking w/ HTN and hypercholesterolemia

50
Q

What leads to the steatosis in alcoholics?

A

Increased NADH -> increased lactic acid levels

51
Q

Risks associated w/ oral contraceptives (3)

A

Cervical cancer
Venous thrombosis
Hepatic adenoma

52
Q

Analgesic neuropathy

A

HA, dizziness, tinnitus, bleeding, coma from chronic aspirin use.

53
Q

Acetaminophen is usually metabolized to non toxic (95%). What happens in the other 5%?

A

CYP2E1 -> NAPQ -> protein and lipid damage -> necrosis and liver failure

54
Q

5 determinants of ionizing radiation

A 
Rate of delivery
Field size
Cell proliferation
O2 effects and hypoxia
Vascular damage
55
Q

Curie

Gray

Sievert

A

Curie - radiation emitted

Gray - energy absorbed

Sievert - takes into account the relative biological effectiveness in association w/ Ci and Gy.

56
Q

2 big effects of total body ionizing radiation

A

Chronic radiation dermatitis

Mediastinal fibrosis after radiotherapy for lung carcinoma

57
Q

Vit A functions:

Deficiency syndromes:

A

Vit A functions: vision, maintenance of epithelia, resistance to infection.

Deficiency syndromes: night blindness, squamous metaplasia, vulnerability to infection.

58
Q

Vit D deficiency causes:

A

Osteomalacia in adults and Rickets in kids

59
Q

Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency syndromes (2)

A

Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff

60
Q

Niacin deficiency syndrome

A

Pellegra - dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

61
Q

Vit B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency syndromes (5)

A 
Cheilosis
Glossitis
Dermatitis
Peripheral neuropathy
Myelination of SC
62
Q

Which patients can have a secondary Vit A malabsorption?

A

Patients with fat malabsorption - celiac, Crohn’s, CF, bariatric surgery)

63
Q

Hypocalcemic tetany is a sign of:

A

Vit D deficiency

64
Q

Features of zinc deficiency

A

Rashes around eyes, mouth, nose and anus.
Anorexia and diarrhea
Poor growth
Depressed mental function

65
Q

Features of copper deficiency

A

Muscle weakness
Neuro defects
Abn collagen cross-linking

66
Q

Features of iron deficiency

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

67
Q

Features of iodine deficiency

A

Goiter, hypothyroidism

68
Q

Features of fluoride deficiency

A

Dental caries

69
Q

Features of selenium deficiency

A

Myopathy

Cardiomyopathy

70
Q

What is pickwickian syndrome?

A

A hypoventilation syndrome associated with obesity

71
Q

Sources of:

Leptin
PYY
Ghrelin

A

Leptin - adipose, inhibits hunger signals
PYY - intestines, decrease food intake
Ghrelin - stomach, stimulates appetite

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #2 (10 decks)

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