Mod 8/9

Question 1

Define the essentialization of biological sex.

Answer 1

Essentializes: treats sex categories as homogenous groups that are all the same depending on gender

Question 2

Define gender.

Answer 2

: sociological term, roles and characteristics that society assigns to women and men: carries within it notions of inequality between the two (how one feels, expresses identity)

Question 3

Define gender role.

Answer 3

set of expectations depending on gender

Question 4

Define gender identity.

Answer 4

individual’s sense of self

Question 5

Define gender expression.

Answer 5

the way gender identity is expressed

Question 6

Define two spirit.

Answer 6

Two-spirit: indigenous terms; both masculine and feminine “spirits”
Two spirit individuals were even more highly respected: adding more valuable knowledge

Question 7

Compulsory heterosexuality:

Answer 7

assumption that heterosexuality is the norm

Question 8

Define Heteronormativity:

Answer 8

heterosexuality is socially constructed through interaction and institutions as default (natural superiority to anything else, reflected in laws, attitudes, and everything in society)

Question 9

Define Jane Ward’s study on homosexual interactions between straight males.

Answer 9

Central research on Jane Ward’s Study: theory based that sometimes straight identified people engage in homosexual sex, and they do that for heternormative reasons: not all homosexual encounters are signal of a repressed sexual identity

Question 10

How is there a double standard between homosexual relations of men and those of women?

Answer 10

What sexual double standards became visible in Ward’s work: the meaning of straight men same sex contact vs. straight women same contact: for women it is praised and normalized and being used to sell sexual products; for men it was impossible to have this without suppressed identity

Question 11

Define sex script.

Answer 11

Sex scripts: at which age it is permissible to have sex, who one has sex with

Question 12

Define interpersonal oppression.

Answer 12

Interactions between people where individuals use oppressive behavior, insults, or violence.

Question 13

Define misogyny

Answer 13

practices and beliefs that show contempt for women

Question 14

define endogamy and exogamy.

Answer 14

Endogamy: marriage and relations between members of the same social class
Exogamy: marriage between different classes

Question 15

Define Haudenosaunee Societies:

Answer 15

structured around super extended families called clans; matrilineal membership: men and women of the same clan could not marry one another
Interclan alliances then strengthened the social structure: several family units living in one place

Question 16

Define contributing factors to the gender pay gap

Answer 16

Normative gender expectations, undervaluing female work, gendered education streaming and tracking, feminization of certain occupations, minimum wage, unionization (higher unionization, more equal wages), job tenure and work experience, work patterns, gender socialization in the family that puts women on nurturing treks and to value motherhood over paid employment, family responsibilities, reproductive rights, double shift, availability of high quality and affordable child care, standard hiring and promotion discrimination

Question 17

Define the functionalist approach to genderd division of labour (Talcott Parsons)

Answer 17

Families are the foundation of society
Only heterosexual
Primary function of family is socialization and procreation, production/reproduction
Production and reproduction is carried out through occupation and kinship
Production of money: occupation (breadwinner of the family) known as (production/occupation): instrumental roles, marked by autonomy, independence, competition , and success
Reproduction: expressive roles; Expressive (kinship): nurturing, caring, affectionate

Question 18

Define conflict theory and gendered division of labour.

Answer 18

Families, as they become dependent on the market for survival, a breadwinner is needed
Patriarchal societies emerges as men go to work and women are forced into domestic pursuits
‘Power differentials: class based inequalities in socializing impact work the families do; differential parenting practices reproduce

Question 19

Define Dorothy’s Smith ideas regarding gendered division of labour.

Answer 19

women’s unpaid labor makes men’s jobs possible by buying food, making food, raising children, and letting men be economically free
Women get no credit for invisible work: pink ghetto jobs usually have less opportunities, less pay; women spend less time at work because of childbearing

Question 20

Define symbolic interactionism and family.

Answer 20

Family shapes the identity of an individual’s “self”
Focus on everyday interactions within the family structure

Question 21

Define the Conservative Bias.

Answer 21

represents all families as safe and ignores domestic abuse and violence in family

Question 22

Define heterosexist bias.

Answer 22

ignores same sex families or treats them as abnormal;

Question 23

define homogamy.

Answer 23

Homogamy: tendency for similar people to marry

Question 24

Define the global care chain.

Answer 24

Global care chain: women who immigrate to Canada often take care of the children of white women

Question 25

Define the glass escalator.

Answer 25

semi-invisible advantage that men encounter in the workforce

Question 26

Define nuclear family.

Answer 26

one or at most two generations of family living together (conjugal family)

Question 27

Define bilateral descent.

Answer 27

Bilateral Descent: both sides of your family are equally important