Mod 8/9 Flashcards
Define the essentialization of biological sex.
Essentializes: treats sex categories as homogenous groups that are all the same depending on gender
Define gender.
: sociological term, roles and characteristics that society assigns to women and men: carries within it notions of inequality between the two (how one feels, expresses identity)
Define gender role.
set of expectations depending on gender
Define gender identity.
individual’s sense of self
Define gender expression.
the way gender identity is expressed
Define two spirit.
Two-spirit: indigenous terms; both masculine and feminine “spirits”
Two spirit individuals were even more highly respected: adding more valuable knowledge
Compulsory heterosexuality:
assumption that heterosexuality is the norm
Define Heteronormativity:
heterosexuality is socially constructed through interaction and institutions as default (natural superiority to anything else, reflected in laws, attitudes, and everything in society)
Define Jane Ward’s study on homosexual interactions between straight males.
Central research on Jane Ward’s Study: theory based that sometimes straight identified people engage in homosexual sex, and they do that for heternormative reasons: not all homosexual encounters are signal of a repressed sexual identity
How is there a double standard between homosexual relations of men and those of women?
What sexual double standards became visible in Ward’s work: the meaning of straight men same sex contact vs. straight women same contact: for women it is praised and normalized and being used to sell sexual products; for men it was impossible to have this without suppressed identity
Define sex script.
Sex scripts: at which age it is permissible to have sex, who one has sex with
Define interpersonal oppression.
Interactions between people where individuals use oppressive behavior, insults, or violence.
Define misogyny
practices and beliefs that show contempt for women
define endogamy and exogamy.
Endogamy: marriage and relations between members of the same social class
Exogamy: marriage between different classes
Define Haudenosaunee Societies:
structured around super extended families called clans; matrilineal membership: men and women of the same clan could not marry one another
Interclan alliances then strengthened the social structure: several family units living in one place
Define contributing factors to the gender pay gap
Normative gender expectations, undervaluing female work, gendered education streaming and tracking, feminization of certain occupations, minimum wage, unionization (higher unionization, more equal wages), job tenure and work experience, work patterns, gender socialization in the family that puts women on nurturing treks and to value motherhood over paid employment, family responsibilities, reproductive rights, double shift, availability of high quality and affordable child care, standard hiring and promotion discrimination
Define the functionalist approach to genderd division of labour (Talcott Parsons)
Families are the foundation of society
Only heterosexual
Primary function of family is socialization and procreation, production/reproduction
Production and reproduction is carried out through occupation and kinship
Production of money: occupation (breadwinner of the family) known as (production/occupation): instrumental roles, marked by autonomy, independence, competition , and success
Reproduction: expressive roles; Expressive (kinship): nurturing, caring, affectionate
Define conflict theory and gendered division of labour.
Families, as they become dependent on the market for survival, a breadwinner is needed
Patriarchal societies emerges as men go to work and women are forced into domestic pursuits
‘Power differentials: class based inequalities in socializing impact work the families do; differential parenting practices reproduce
Define Dorothy’s Smith ideas regarding gendered division of labour.
women’s unpaid labor makes men’s jobs possible by buying food, making food, raising children, and letting men be economically free
Women get no credit for invisible work: pink ghetto jobs usually have less opportunities, less pay; women spend less time at work because of childbearing
Define symbolic interactionism and family.
Family shapes the identity of an individual’s “self”
Focus on everyday interactions within the family structure
Define the Conservative Bias.
represents all families as safe and ignores domestic abuse and violence in family
Define heterosexist bias.
ignores same sex families or treats them as abnormal;
define homogamy.
Homogamy: tendency for similar people to marry
Define the global care chain.
Global care chain: women who immigrate to Canada often take care of the children of white women
Define the glass escalator.
semi-invisible advantage that men encounter in the workforce
Define nuclear family.
one or at most two generations of family living together (conjugal family)
Define bilateral descent.
Bilateral Descent: both sides of your family are equally important
