Mod 10/11

Question 1

How do large DNA testing companies actually work?

Answer 1

Single-nucleotide Polymorphism: most have no known effect at all, .1% in our DNA
Pattern of SNPS is compared to majority populations: 23andme tests
Reference populations: no real sample size for companies; don’t actually dictate where ancestors lived
Creates stark and biological “racial categories” as how people identify; some extremist groups even resort to them as an example of showing their purity of race

Question 2

Define the difference between race and ethnicity.

Answer 2

Race: socially constructed category of people who share biological traits
Ethnicity: shared cultural heritage, common ancestry, language, religion, distinctive social identity, can be changed and fluctuate

Question 3

Define the Jane Elliot experiment.

Answer 3

eye color categorizing students experiments: shows the impact this division has on school performance and relations: grades of the children in inferior positions went down, vs. the grades of those in the superior groups went up (engrains power relations into children at the youngest level and how drastically this impacts performance)

Question 4

Define The Thomas Theorem and its relationship to the Jane Elliot experiment.

Answer 4

The Thomas Theorem: if men define situations as real they are real in their consequences***

Question 5

Define the social identity.

Answer 5

Social Identity: part of identity shaped by attributes/characteristics of those around us and social groups we belong to

Question 6

Define Radicalization.

Answer 6

Racialization: process in which people are viewed and judges as essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values, worth because of differences of physical type or cultural heritage (how the meaning of race is therefore constructed)

Question 7

Define the three different groups of Indigenous peoples.

Answer 7

Metis: first Nations and European settlers lineage
Inuit: circumpolar groups, 4 inuit homelands
First Nations: largest and most varied groups

Question 8

Define the Indian Act and its impacts.

Answer 8

The Indian Act, 1876: portrayed Indigenous as infants needing caring: government must govern registered Indians, established the reserve system
Defines who is “Indian”; created the band systems, suppressed and banned cultural practices
Indigenous could not vote in Canadian elections until 1960, not allowed to vote until 1969 in provincial elections
Denied citizenship rights: could not hire lawyers, gather in large groups

Question 9

Define the First Nations Pass System.

Answer 9

Pass System: First Nations were not allowed to leave and re-enter their reserves

Question 10

Define the Indigenous fosterage practice.

Answer 10

Fosterage practice: grandchildren live with grandparents as an act of reciprocity: strength and skills from young benefit grandparents, while young benefit from wisdom of the old

Question 11

Define the Davin Report and its implications for residential schools.

Answer 11

Davin Report: changed the pace of assimilation: now included segregation and isolation from others (Nicholas Flood Davin)
John A. Macdonald: sped up the process of assimilation, boarding schools were set up far from Indigenous communities to avoid any parental interference
Parents which refused: prosecuted under Indian Act/imprisonment and fines conducted

Question 12

Define Intergenerational Trauma and its relationship to current reserve conditions.

Answer 12

survivors of residential schools passed these practices down onto their own children: issues of abuse, domestic violence, and other conflicts are rooted directly in these experiences
Coping with this emotional/traumatic experiences led to alcoholism and other destructive behaviors which are higher today in Indigenous communities: and in Canadian prisons
Indigenous individuals are overrepresented in prisons, overrepresented in poverty statistics

Question 13

Define the Sixty Scoop.

Answer 13

The Sixty Scoop: 1980s on where large number of Indigenous children were removed from their parents; parents were blamed for effects of residential schools, social workers unfamiliar with Indigenous parenting, underfunding for medical care: removed Indigenous children from their parents as a result

Question 14

Define the Millennium Scoop.

Answer 14

children from racialized minorities are overrepresented in child welfare system

Question 15

Define the Hegemonic curriculum.

Answer 15

hegemony describes where dominant class rules by cultural authority more than naked force (hegemony is defined here by Antonio Gramsci)
Hegemonic curriculum: legitimates current social conditions

Question 16

Define the Underground Railroad.

Answer 16

The Underground Railroad: 30,000 American slaves came to Canada for freedom

Question 17

Define Africvill.

Answer 17

1840s-1960s, outside of Halifax, undesirable location with infectious disease hospitals, slaughterhouses, and prisons: where slaves were housed once they got to Canada

Question 18

Define the Yellow Peril.

Answer 18

Yellow Peril: Chinese racism, fear-mongering, and stereotyping of Chinese individuals/East Asians
Chinese laborers were used to build the CPR, then restricted their immigration

Question 19

Define the Chinease Head Tax.

Answer 19

Chinese Head Tax: $50 imposed on every Chinese individual entering the country; increased to $500 in 1903

Question 20

Define the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Answer 20

everyone of Chinese descent must be “registered

Question 21

Define the Continuous Journey Regulation, 1908

Answer 21

come to Canada directly from the country immigrants left (restricted people from India and Japan as there was not a direct route then)

Question 22

Define the Komagatu Muru

Answer 22

refused Punjabi immigrants, confined them aboard their ship and sent them back, British either murdered or imprisoned them

Question 23

Define credentialism.

Answer 23

bias in favor of job candidates with academic degrees over those without, regardless of their demonstrated knowledge, ability, and experience

Question 24

Define the United Farm Workers’ Party.

Answer 24

actively campaigned for sterilization based on eugenics principles in farming or “breeding”
People with low IQ tests, poverty, class, race, criminals, homosexual, disabled, immigrants were subject to these experiments of racism

Question 25

Define the Exception Fallacy.

Answer 25

once we are made aware of the stereotype, we are more likely to notice examples that corroborate that stereotype

Question 26

Define Othering.

Answer 26

classifying someone as not one of us and results in people outside our social group being associated with the stereotypes we put to them

Question 27

Define functionalism and racism.

Answer 27

Expects that ethnic differences will eventually disappear from society
The ethnic differences that remain are largely symbolic; they are a part of a person’s identity but have few practical consequences for everyday life
Discrimination results in society’s not maximizing its resources, social problems, society spends too much time and money putting barriers to full inclusion in place, and prejudice and discrimination have the tendency to impact relationships between nations

Question 28

Symbolic interactionism, racism.

Answer 28

Focuses on personal experience of minority status
Effects of negative stereotypes have on a person’s sense of self

Question 29

Define the contact hypothesis.

Answer 29

Contact Hypothesis: contends that interracial contact between people of equal class status will result in their abandoning stereotypes and becoming less prejudiced and racist

Question 30

Define the Apartheid.

Answer 30

Apartheid: restricted the movement of black people by means of segregation in South Africa

Question 31

Conflict theory, race.

Answer 31

Exploitation theory: contends that racism keeps minority group members in low paying jobs, supplying capitalists with a cheap reserved army of labour
Reduces racism to a class dynamic

Question 32

Define the social determinants of health.

Answer 32

Social Determinants of Health: conditions under which people are born, grow, live and work

Question 33

Functionalism, healthcare.

Answer 33

Sickness must be controlled for the stability and success of the society
Talcott Parsons theorized the “sick role”: sick people are not held responsible for being sick, sick people are exempt from regular responsibilities, sick person must dislike their conditions, sick person must seek medical attention to safely return to normal duties

Question 34

Conflict theory, healthcare.

Answer 34

Medicine is a major institution of social control: “medicalization of society”

Question 35

Symbolic interactionism, healthcare.

Answer 35

How “healthy” and “ill is defined; either of these can become an individual’s master status
Interactions between patients and doctors