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mod 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability, enables metabolic efficiency via enzymes

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2
Q

nervous vs hormonal control

A
  • nervous system delivers messages very rapidly
  • hormonal system delivers messages slowly and generally
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3
Q

hormonal control

A

hormones produced in endocrine glands and secreted into blood flow to reach target cells as they have specific receptors for their respective hormones

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4
Q

Nervous control

A

Nervous messages carried out in nerves, which are bundles of neurons. Nervous messages called ‘nerve impulses’ move along membrane of neuron as a wave of ‘electrical depolarisation’.

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5
Q

regulatory adaptations

A
  • in plants water loss is managed by altering the size of the stomates opening which is under hormonal control. Abscisic acid is a stress hormone produced by plants when internal water is low, causing stomates to close thus reducing water loss.
  • leaves covered by a thick waxy cuticle (Lower StV ratio), having plants that hang vertically (less direct sun less evaporation) prevents water loss in hot environments.
  • Australia acacia species (wattles) have flattened leaf stems to reduce surface area to volume ratio and thus water loss.
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6
Q

Causes of non-infectious disease

A
  • Environmental diseases can be attributed to environmental factors such as chemical exposure and radiation.
  • Nutritional diseases are illnesses caused by specific deficiencies in particular vitamins, or other nutrients, or generally by inadequate or excessive nutrition.
  • genetic diseases are caused by germline mutations that induce abnormal protein development affecting phenotype
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7
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  • involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered they become cancer-causing genes (Oncogenes) allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.
  • C-Sis is an oncogene from the protooncogene PDGFB which normally promotes mitosis, but C-sis mutation causes uncontrolled mitosis.
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8
Q

reasons for disproportionate data

A
  • Often not diagnosed until it advances since symptoms can be vague
  • sufferers do not seek diagnosis or treatment
  • stigma and embarrassment
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9
Q

treatment of lung cancer (radiation therapy)

A
  • Radiation at high doses can kill cells or slow growth by damaging DNA
  • High doses of radiation focused on tumour
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10
Q

treatment of lung cancer (chemotherapy)

A
  • Chemotherapy drugs kills cells when they are dividing by mitosis. Thus kills more cells in fast-growing tissues than in slow-growing tissues; which is cancer as it is rapid to spread, making it effective. Also kills cancer cells all over body not just localised area.
  • Downsides is that it kills other fast growing tissue such as hair follicles, cells in intestine and bone marrow cells inducing hair loss, nausea, fatigue.
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11
Q

treatment of lung cancer (targeted therapies)

A
  • targeted drugs interfere with a specific feature in cancer cells, and largely leave healthy cells alone.
    -p53 turns on TRAIL which binds to death receptor 5 leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.
  • ONC201 is a targeted drug that binds to and turns on trail, even in people with mutated p53 genes.
  • monoclonal antibodies is a drug therapy involving the production and injection of large amount of antibodies cultured in a laboratory usually in the spleen cells of a mouse. They are specific to a particular antigen on the cancer cell surface.
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12
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • the study of diseases in populations of humans or other animals, specifically how, when and where they occur.
  • advantages include benchmarking the prevalence of a disease and monitoring any changes overtime, supply public health warnings and informing public policy and law-making.
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13
Q

thermoregulation

A

stimulus: increased body temperature
receptor: hypothalamus and internal thermoreceptors detect increase in temp
effector: sweat glands and blood vessels
response: sweating and vasodilation; widening of blood flow, more blood flow and more heat loss
stimulus: decreased body temperature
receptor: hypothalamus and internal thermoreceptors
effector: muscle and blood vessels
response: shivering and vasoconstriction to decrease blood vessels less heat loss

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14
Q

Glucose regulation

A

stimulus: increase in blood glucose (after eating)
receptor: pancreas
effector: beta cells in pancreas detect increase and release insulin
response: insulin causes increased uptake of glucose by the liver where it is converted to glycogen
stimulus: decrease in blood glucose after period of not eating
receptor: pancreas
effector cells: alpha cells in the pancreas detect decrease and release glucagon
response: glucagon causes breakdown of glycogen in liver which is converted to glucose

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15
Q

osmoregulation

A

stimulus: water level rises
receptor: osmoreceptors within hypothalamus detect low solute concentration
effector: hypothalamus produces less ADH from pituitary gland
response: Less ADH binds to kidneys leading to lower water reabsorption
stimulus: water level falls, salt concentration increases
receptor: osmoreceptors within hypothalamus detect high solute
effector: hypothalamus produces more ADH from pituitary gland
response: more ADH binds to kidneys leading to greater water reabsorption

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16
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • caused by damage to the delicate structures of the inner ear and/or its associated nerves, such as loud noise, age, illness or genetic disease
17
Q

conductive hearing loss

A
  • caused by mechanical disruption to the middle ear, such as middle ear-infection, perforated eardrum, damage to the middle ear bones.
18
Q

What should epidemiological studies have to be valid?

A
  • Be conducted over a long period of time
  • Have a large sample size
  • collect data from a group of affected and unaffected individuals
  • use control groups who are not exposed to the disease but are similar in other aspects.
  • consistent questions from interviewers
19
Q

myopia vs hyperopia

A
  • Myopia refers to short sightedness caused when light is focused at a point that falls short of the retina
  • Hyperopia refers to long sightedness caused when light is focused at a point that is beyond the retina.
  • can be caused by a defect in the lens or the shape of the eye, or both.
20
Q

astigmatism

A
  • A common eye disorder that results from the cornea which is not spherical. Thus, light is focused on the retina at multiple focal points.
21
Q

cataracts

A
  • A defect in the eye, characterised by opacity of the lens, deterring ability to see well
22
Q

Causes and symptoms of chronic kidney disease

A

-Damaged blood vessels due to high blood pressure or diabetes
- autoimmune disease
- Growth of cysts on the kidney
Symptoms include:
- Itchiness, swelling, ammonia breath, changes in urine, nausea

23
Q

Cochlear implants

A
  • Electronic devices used to give hearing to those who are profoundly deaf. Outer part contains a microphone and inner part includes an electrode that feeds into the cochlea directly stimulating hearing nerves
  • Permanent hearing loss
24
Q

bone conduction implants

A
  • improve hearing for people with conductive hearing loss. Transfers vibrations through bone to the inner ear.
  • advantages include having an almost 100 percent acceptance rate, being proven to significantly improve hearing.
  • limitations: very little has been published about negative side-effects, however possible side effects include local infection, loss of osseointegrated fixture, chronic pain and it is expensive.
    -Mixed hearing loss
25
Q

hearing aids

A
  • fitted by an audiologist. Amplify sounds as they enter the outer ear to overcome the loss of sensitivity in the cochlea
26
Q

Spectacles and contact lenses

A
  • Spectacles and contact lenses correct the vision of people with hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism. by refracting the light entering the eye in a way that is complementary to the defect in the eye
27
Q

laser eye surgery

A
  • small circular flap created in cornea using precise metal blade. The flap is folded back to reveal a layer of the cornea (stroma). A laser then vaporises the material in this layer to reshape the cornea and correct the refractive error. Flap is then replaced and eye allowed to heal.
  • 96 percent success rate
  • risks include dry eyes high likely following the surgery, chronic physical pain, particulates under flap, inflammation, some people will still need glasses or contact lens
28
Q

dialysis

A
  • A technology for removing waste from the blood when diseased kidneys are no longer able to effectively clean the blood. The most common type of dialysis is haemodialysis, where blood is removed from the body and circulated through a dialyzer.
29
Q

environmental disease example

A

asbestosis
- caused by inhalation of asbestos which accumulate in narrow branches in lungs or migrate to pleural lining. This inflames lung tissue and causes scarring
- effects include chronic cough, chest pain and pneumonia

30
Q

nutritional disease

A

scurvy
- caused by a lack of vitamin C within one’s diet
- effects include fatigue, joint paint and spontaneous bleeding

31
Q

genetic disease

A

Sickle cell anaemia
- caused by substitution point mutation in the HBB gene, converting normal haemoglobin to sickle haemoglobin, affecting red blood cell’s ability to carry sufficient blood
- effects include fatigue, jaundice, stroke and respiratory issues

32
Q

kidney function

A
  • filtration: blood containing urea, water, salt and glucose enter Bowman’s capsule through glomerulus
  • Absorption- essential nutrients are reabsorbed via active/transport facilitated diffusion.
  • secretion - ammonia, urea, uric acid is transported to tubules. Urine is secreted via ureters to bladder.
33
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A
  • the dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity through a catheter
  • peritoneal cavity is a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Wastes diffuse into the solution, which is replaced.
  • essentially collects waste from the blood by washing the empty space in the peritoneal cavity
34
Q

haemodialysis

A
  • Blood extracted from a vein and passed into an external semi-permeable dialyzer
  • Wastes therefore diffuse into the solution, which is constantly replaced. The blood is then returned to the body
  • dialyzer is in a solution of dialyzing fluid, which has similar ion concentrations to blood

bio (5 decks)

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