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Biology 30 > Mod 8-10 > Flashcards

Mod 8-10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

whole set of genes of individuals

A

genome

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2
Q

modification of ________ leads to changes in gene expression and may alter individul traits or phenotype

A

base sequences

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3
Q

alterations that do not involve changes in an individual’s base sequence but still effect gene expression

A

epigenome

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4
Q

“epi” in epigenome means

A

above

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5
Q

________________ can detect the turning on and off of genes

A

epigenetic marks

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6
Q

changes in the regulation of gene activity and differential expression of genes including differences in the pattern and timing of genetic switches are considered

A

epigenetic

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7
Q

the term “epigenetics” was coined by ________________

A

Conrad Waddington

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8
Q

epigenetics follows <blank> which proposed that the early embryo was undifferentiated</blank>

A

theory of “epigenesis”

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9
Q

the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products which brings the phenotype into being

A

epigenetics (Waddington)

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10
Q

the study of mechanism of temporal and spatial control of gene activity during the development of complex organism

A

epigenetics (Holliday)

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11
Q

study of changes in gene expression that occur not only by changing DNA sequence but by modifying DNA methylation and remodeling chromatin

A

Epigenetics [Holliday (?)]

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12
Q

Mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes that could not be explained by DNA base sequence changes

A

Epigenetic changes (Wu and Morris)

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Most cells in a multicellular organism like man, have an identical genome, however, these cells do not become differentiated and commit to specific functions

A

FALSE: they become differentiated

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14
Q

includes stable and long-term alteration in the transcriptional potential of a cell that MAY NOT necessarily be heritable

A

epigenetics

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15
Q

affects the ACCESSIBILITY of the genome at the right place and at the right time

A

Epigenetic mechanisms

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16
Q

determine which genes will be turned off or on. It also regulates the degree of expression at a particular time given a particular environmental condition

A

Epigenetic factors

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17
Q

<blank> is stable and reveals our inherited genetic identity.
</blank>

A

DNA Structure

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: There is an interplay between our genome and the environment and signals from the environment that can lead to such epigenetic marks effecting the differential switching of genes even among twins

A

True

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19
Q

<blank> attached to DNA and epigenetic factors in histone tails activate or repress genes
</blank>

A

Methyl groups

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20
Q

attachment of methyl groups (in cytosine) by the DNA transferase machinery to bases of the DNA which significantly influences GENE EXPRESSION and CELL FUNCTION

A

DNA Methylation

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21
Q

causes a blockage for binding of transcription factors, silencing or inactivation of genes

A

Methyl groups or moities

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22
Q

<blank> is an INTERFACE between the dynamic environment and the static genome
</blank>

A

DNA Methylation (Szyf)

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23
Q

Methyl is added by <blank> in methyl transferase in the Cytosine of 5' - CG - 3' dinucleotides</blank>

A

methyl transferase

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24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: High frequency of METHYLATED CpG islands within or in the vicinity of a gene’s promoter region REDUCES transcriptional activity of that gene

A

TRUE

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25
Q

<blank> accounts for the very specific patter of activating and silencing genes in every cell
</blank>

A

Methylation

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26
Q

<blank> genes are less methylated (also evident pattern in EARLIEST ZYGOTIC STAGES)
</blank>

A

Active

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27
Q

<blank? genes are inactivated (also evident pattern in EARLIEST ZYGOTIC STAGES)

A

hypermethylated

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Methylation may not be inherited per se

A

TRUE

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29
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Patterns are generated during gestation in accord with the signals from the environment

A

TRUE

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30
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Mistakes in methylation do not cause the same effect as a mutated gene

A

FALSE: causes the same effect

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31
Q

expression of <blank> depends on the ORIGIN OF INHERITANCE whether derived maternally or paternally.</blank>

A

Imprinted genes

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32
Q

TRUE or FALSE: There are cases when only maternal alleles of the imprinted genes are transcribed and the paternal alleles are silenced (VICE VERSA)

A

TRUE

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33
Q

TRUE or FALSE Epigenetic modifications cannot be passed across generations

A

FALSE: may be passed (Kaati, Bygren, and Edvinsson)

There is a “memory” of environmental influence on the genome

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34
Q

WHICH MECHANISM
Genetically identical mice may have different phenotypes (Agouti viable yellow gene causing yellow fur color, tendency to become obese, develop tumors)

The methylated agouti gene has a brown fur color and is healthy

A

DNA Methylation

Heavy methylation suppresses the expression of trait as observed in identical twin mice

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35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Maternal diet can be affected by the environment

A

TRUE

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36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Epigenetic factors other than foods, drugs, and environmental chemicals cannot change a developing organism’s expression

A

FALSE

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37
Q

“Superman” gene

A

Arabidopsis thaliana (Jacobsen & Meyerowitz)

(DNA Methylation)

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38
Q

Floral development is regulated by <blank></blank>

A

homeotic genes

(DNA Methylation)

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39
Q

encodes for a transcription factor that affects one of these homeotic genes

A

“Superman” gene

(DNA Methylation)

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40
Q

(2)
It controls the boundary between reproductive and accessory plant structures specifically <blank> to develop into carpels</blank>

A

“Superman” gene
fourth whorl of A. thaliana flowers

(DNA Methylation)

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41
Q

<blank> in the superman gene, just after the promoter region, causes variation in the formation of STAMEN and the CARPEL
</blank>

A

Cytosine methylation

(DNA Methylation)

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42
Q

‘superman’ gene bring about the <blank> and restricts the effect of another gene (APETALA 3)</blank>

A

clk allele (‘Clark Kent’ gene)

(DNA Methylation)

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43
Q

endemic to Mendoza province, Argentina

A

S. ruiz-lealii (shows recurrent flower malformations in its inflorescence within the same plant)

hypermethylation in S. ruiz-lealii

(DNA Methylation)

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44
Q

DNA associates with <blank> of histones</blank>

A

Octamer

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45
Q

<blank> modification can either support or suppress genes
</blank>

A

Histone

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46
Q

The tighter the association of histone tails to the DNA, the <blank></blank>

A

less accessible the DNA is for DNA PROCESSING and TRANSCRIPTION (or gene is silenced)

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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47
Q

Addition of methyl groups to histone tail =

A

restriction (tighter wound)

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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48
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Transcription factors can readily bind to genome promoters

A

FALSE: cannot

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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49
Q

Acetylation of histones

A

relaxes and unravels compact DNA (genes are more available as chromatin is more exposed and accessible to DNA binding proteins)

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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50
Q

combination of signals (causing methylate/demethylate, acetylate/deacetylate) =

A

lead towards modification of histones

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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51
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The area within nucleus where the modifications reside could convey information

A

TRUE

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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52
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Methylated DNA and acetylated histones are found in same components or territories in the nucleus

A

FALSE: different*

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Methylated DNA is associated with acetylated histones (vice versa)

A

FALSE: Methylated DNA recruits proteins that cause deacetylation of histones, resulting to shutdown of gene

(HISTONE MODIFICATION)

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54
Q

Third mechanism of epigenetic change which can silence a gene is <blank></blank>

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

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55
Q

RNA interference discoverers

A

Andrew Z. FIRE & Craig C. MELLO

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56
Q

can regulate the stability of mRNA and can be used to silence the expression of TARGET GENES

A

Short (21-25bp in length), double-stranded non-coding RNA (dsRNA)
or small interfering RNA

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57
Q

used for RNAi. Both pairs with specific target mRNA, causing inhibition of translation or degradation of mRNA

A

short, single stranded RNAs or microRNA (miRNA)
and short interfering RNAs (siRNA)

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58
Q

<blank> is involved in signaling, cell differentiation, and timing of cell development as well as programmed cell death (apoptosis)
</blank>

A

miRNA (microRNAs)

59
Q

<blank> can directly base pair
mRNA degradation instead of inhibition
</blank>

A

siRNA (short interfering RNA)

60
Q

<blank> recognizes and cuts dsRNA into siRNA and miRNA
</blank>

A

dicer

61
Q

<blank> binds and unwinds the double-stranded siRNA or miRNA, producing single stranded siRNA or miRNA
</blank>

A

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

62
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Epigenomes can be affected by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and prenatal nutrition among others

A

TRUE

63
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Diet and stress can influence the epigenome of an individual by changing epigenetic marks

A

TRUE (strong expression of genes for obesity)

64
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Low folate food are recommended during pregnancy

A

FALSE: High. Folate is a strong METHYL DONOR which can prevent the developing embryo to have neural tube defects

65
Q

Neural tube develops on which day of pregnancy

A

28th (Pregnant mothers are advised to take folic acid (vit B9 supplements for recommended 400g folate per day)

66
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Epigenome is likely to be most vulnerable to environmental factors during embryogenesis because DNA synthetic rate is high, and the elaborate DNA methylation patterning for normal tissue development is established during this period

A

TRUE (Dolinoy, et al. 2006)

67
Q

Study of molecular relationships between nutrition and response of genes

A

Nutritional genomics (nutrigenomics)

68
Q

5 Tenets of Nutrigenomics

A
  1. Diet can be a serious risk factor
  2. Gene expression and structure of human genome can be (directly or indirectly) altered by chemicals in our diet
  3. Degree to which diet influences the balance between healthy and disease states may depend on the genetic make-up
  4. Diet-regulated genes are likely to play a role in the onset, incidence, progression, and/or severity of chronic diseases
  5. Dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status, and genotype can be used to prevent, mitigate, or cure chronic diseases
69
Q

Metabolic disorders that can be managed through diets

A

phenylketonurics, galactosemics, phenylalanine-free and milk-free diet, respectively

70
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Nutrients cannot reverse or change epigenetic phenomena by DNA methylation and histone modification

A

FALSE: it can modify expression of critical genes

71
Q

<blank> investigates the role of bioactive components such as tea polyphenols, genistein from soybean, and isothiocyanates from plant foods
</blank>

A

Nutritional epigenetics

72
Q

<blank> can be utilized for intervention, including preventive therapy
</blank>

A

Nutriepigenomics

73
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Epigenetic modifiers such as resveratrol, curcumin, and green tea hold promise for preventing cancer and treating metabolic disorders

A

TRUE

74
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Food rich antioxidants are used to delay aging, may regulate cancer as they reduce DNA methylation in critical genes associated with the disease

A

TRUE

75
Q

change in the genetic material that is HERITABLE and PERMANENT

A

Mutation

76
Q

3 Types of Chromosomal Mutation

A

Euploidy
Aneuploidy
Structural changes involving one or more chromosomes

77
Q

change involving WHOLE GENOME or THE ENTIRE SET of chromosomes

A

Euploidy (multiplication of one or more genome)

78
Q

known as the basic chromosome number

A

Genome (X)

79
Q

complete set of chromosomes or genes

A

Genome (X)

80
Q

X=n
n = ???

A

n = haploid number

81
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In polyploid, X is also equal to n

A

FALSE: X not equal to n

82
Q

Types of Euploidy

A

Monoploid (X)
Polyploid (3X-6X)

83
Q

One set of genome or whole set of chromosomes

A

Monoploid (X)

84
Q

More than two sets of genome

A

Polyploid (3X-6X)

85
Q

Types of Polyploid

A

Autopolyploid
Allopolyploid

86
Q

Basic genome is identical

A

Autopolyploid

87
Q

Basic genome is not identical

A

Allopolyploid

88
Q

Types of segregation in autotetraploid

A
  1. Random chromosome type
  2. Random chromatid type
89
Q

type of segregation where genes are close to the centromere
(to find the gametes assign alleles in a FIGURE)

A

Random chromosome type

(Autotetraploid)

90
Q

type of segregation where genes are far from the centromere
(to find the gametes, use the GAMETIC SERIES)

A

Random chromatid type

(Autotetraploid)

91
Q

Types of addition (Aneuploidy)

A
  1. Trisomic (2n +1), page 40 Module 9
  2. Double trisomic (2n +1 +1)
  3. Tetrasomic (2n+2)
92
Q

Types of subtraction (Aneuploidy)

A
  1. monosomic (2n -1)
  2. double monosomic (2n -1 -1)
  3. nullisomic (2n-2)
93
Q

Types of structural aberrations

A
  1. deletion
  2. duplication
  3. translocation
  4. inversion
94
Q

missing chromosome segment

A

deletion

Types of deletion: interstitial (2), terminal

(structural aberrations)

95
Q

repeated chromosome segment

A

duplication

Types: tandem, reverse tandem, displaced, transposition
(structural aberrations)

96
Q

exchange of chromosome segments involving NON-HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes

A

translocation

(structural aberrations)

97
Q

chromosome segment is inserted in a different order

A

inversion

(structural aberrations)

98
Q

two chromosomes in homologous pair are affected

(structural aberrations)

A

Homozygous

99
Q

only one of the chromosomes in the homologous pair is affected

structural hybrids

(structural aberrations)

A

Heterozygous

100
Q

Types of inversion

(structural aberrations)

A
  1. Paracentric
  2. Pericentric
101
Q

centromere is not included in the inverted segment

A

Paracentric

(structural aberrations)

102
Q

centromere is included in the inverted segment

A

Pericentric

(structural aberrations)

103
Q

what is formed for heterozygous for paracentric inversion

A

bridge
acentric fragment

104
Q

what is formed for heterozygous for RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION

A

IV (quadrivalent) results to ring or chain

105
Q

Adjacent 1
Adjacent 2

(segregation of ring and chain)

A

sterile gametes, with deletion and duplication

106
Q
  1. alternate or zigzag

(segregation of ring and chain)

A

fertile gametes
no deletion and duplication

107
Q

change A-T to C-G during replication (associated with DNA POL II

A

Treffers mutator gene

108
Q

genes or mobile genetic elements

A

Transposons or jumping

109
Q

can move and insert itself into gene
loss of gene function

A

Transposons or jumping

110
Q

revertible mutants in corn
Noble prize winner 1983
35 years after publication

A

Barbara Mc Clintock

111
Q

encodes a transposase

A

Ac

112
Q

suppressor of color formation

A

Ds

113
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Ds cannot move without AAc

A

True

114
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Ac can’t transpose to location of gene C (color) anthocyanin

A

False

115
Q

Ac-Ds stationary produces

A

purple kernel (no transposition occuring)

116
Q

Ac-Ds transposed into C (Activate Ds transposition)

A

White kernel (colorless)

117
Q

Activates Ds transposition out of C in a few cells during kernel development

A

Spotted kernels

118
Q

change in a single nucleotide (or few adjacent nucleotides)

A

Gene mutation or Point mutation

119
Q

Types of gene mutation

A
  1. Base pair substitution (a. transition, b. transversion)
  2. Frameshift mutation
120
Q

Types of amino acid substitution

A

nonsense
same sense
missense

121
Q

pu -> pu
py -> py

A

transition

122
Q

pu <-> py

A

transversion

123
Q

no effect on amino acid sequence

A

same sense

124
Q

change in amino acid sequence

A

missense

125
Q

formation of STOP codon

A

nonsense

126
Q

Transient maternal influence causes

A

Delayed chromosomal inheritance

127
Q
  • Temporary maternal influence (F1)
  • Differences in reciprocal crosses (influence of maternal cytoplasm)
  • Delayed expected Mendelian segregation

Principle of segregation is disregarded

A

Delayed chromosomal inheritance

128
Q

Outside the nucleus

A

Extranuclear

129
Q

cytoplasm is donated by the

A

mother

130
Q
  • Cytoplasmic factors
  • capable of self perpetuation
  • independent transmissions
A

Extranuclear inheritance

131
Q

cytoplasmic factors are called

A

plasmagenes
plasmons
plasmids
cytogens

132
Q

account for hybrid vigor

A

Epistasis

(genetic basis of heterosis)

133
Q

accumulation of favorable dominant genes in the hybrid

A

Dominance (Davenport)

(genetic basis of heterosis)

134
Q

heterozygous are more vigorous and more productive than homozygous parents

A

Overdominance

(genetic basis of heterosis)

135
Q

Mirabilis jalapa, four o’clock plants
observation of cytoplasm (plastids inside cytoplasm)

A

Carl Correns

136
Q

Chromosomals follow

A

Dominant gene

137
Q

If gene is extrachromosomal, it follows

A

maternal inheritance

(expression of gene is not from nuclear)

138
Q

nucleus: <blank>
cytoplasm:</blank>

A

Nucleus : maternal and paternal DNA
cytoplasm: maternal DNA

139
Q

extrachromosomal genes are unable to show linkages with known nuclear genes

A

non-mappability

140
Q

superiority of F1 hybrid over its parents in terms of yield or some characteristics

A

Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor

141
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Selfing or pure-breeding parentals does not result to heterozygote F1

A

TRUE

142
Q

to prevent selfing, <blank> must be done</blank>

A

emasculation

143
Q

anthers are removed to render the plant <blank></blank>

A

male sterile

144
Q

requirement for preventing emasculation

A

CMS or cytoplasmic male sterile
female CMS x male restorer gene

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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